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AP1 Lab7 Joint Structure FA2020
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AP1 Lab7 Joint Structure FA2020 AP1 Lab7 Joint Structure FA2020 AP1 Lab7 Joint Structure FA2020
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Lab 7: Joint Structure/ArticulationsLearning outcomes of the lab exercises:
1. Distinguish the structural and functional classification of joints
2. Explain the features for fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints and provide examples
3. Identify and provide examples of the six types of synovial joints
4. Demonstrate and identify the types of body movements that occur at synovial joints
5. Discuss the structure of specific body joints and the movements allowed by each joint
"The adult human body has 206 bones, and with the exception of the hyoid bone in the neck, each
bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many
joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent
bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined to each
other by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide for little or no
movement. Importantly, joint stability and movement are related to each other. This means that stable
joints allow for little or no mobility between the adjacent bones. Conversely, joints that provide the most
movement between bones are the least stable. Understanding the relationship between joint structure
and function will help to explain why particular types of joints are found in certain areas of the body."
OpenStax A&P pg. 255
Definition: Joint (articulation) = site where two bones come together.
I. Functional Classification of Joints:
A. Based on the amount of movement allowed.
B. 3 types:
1. Synarthroses = immovable joints.
o Example = sutures of skull.
2. Amphiarthroses = slightly movable joints.
o Example = intervertebral discs between vertebrae.
3. Diarthroses = freely movable joints.
o Examples = joints of appendicular skeleton.
II. Structural Classification of Joints:
A. Based on material, which joins bones (between bones).
B. 3 main types: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
1. Fibrous Joints = joints composed of fibrous tissue; no joint cavity is present;
3 types:
a. Sutures = short fibrous CT fibers;
o synarthroses.
o only found in skull
b. Syndesmosis = cord of fibrous tissue called a ligament;
o amphiarthroses with "give" but no true movement;
o Example = distal tibiofibular joint.
c. Gomphosis = tooth within its bony socket; (alveolar fossa)
o short periodontal ligament.
2. Cartilaginous Joints = joints composed of cartilage; no joint cavity;
2 types:
a. Synchondrosis = a plate of hyaline cartilage;
o sites of bone growth during youth;
o eventually ossify = synarthrotic;
o Examples
joint between the first rib and manubrium
the epiphyseal plate.
92
, b. Symphysis = pad or plate of fibrocartilage;
o compressible "shock absorber";
o limited movement = amphiarthroses;
o Examples
intervertebral discs
symphysis pubis.
3. Synovial Joints = fluid-filled joint cavity; free movement = diarthrosis
III. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A SYNOVIAL JOINT = 5 distinct features:
A. Articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage covers the surface of each bone;
B. Joint cavity = a potential space between the two bones, filled with synovial fluid;
C. Articular capsule = double layered capsule surrounding cavity:
1. External, tough flexible fibrous capsule (continuous with periosteum of the bones);
2. Synovial membrane = loose CT lining of fibrous capsule, that also covers all
internal joint surfaces excluding hyaline cartilage;
D. Synovial fluid = viscous lubricating fluid within cavity.
1. reduces friction between cartilages of 2 bones;
2. provides "weeping lubrication";
3. nourishes cartilage;
4. contains phagocytes.
E. Reinforcing ligaments = ligaments that strengthen joint.
1. Definition: A ligament joins a bone to another bone across a synovial joint.
2. usually thickened portions of fibrous capsule (intrinsic or capsular);
F. Other joint features:
1. fatty pads (hip & knee);
2. menisci or articular discs or that separate cavity into 2 compartments (knee, jaw,
sternoclavicular).
3. bursa = flattened fibrous sacs with a synovial membrane and fluid that act as "ball
bearings" to prevent friction on adjacent structures during joint activity;
a. cushion the movement of one body part over another;
b. located between skin and bone (where skin rubs over bone), and between
muscle, tendons, ligaments and bone.
93
, OpenStax A&P Fig 9.8 Synovial Joint
IV. TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
A. Ball-and-socket joints = most freely movable joints; all angular movement;
o The head of one bone fits into the socket of another;
o Examples = hip and shoulder.
B. Condyloid joints = permit all angular motion, except rotation.
o Examples = wrists and knuckles,
C. Gliding joints = cartilaginous joints; flat bones glide/slide over one another
o Example = intervertebral discs.
D. Hinge joints = permit flexion & extension only;
o Examples = elbow and knee.
E. Pivot joints = permit rotation;
o Example = first intervertebral joint (atlantoaxial joint)
F. Saddle joints = thumb;
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