JURIDISCHE ASPECTEN VAN EUROPESE
EENMAKING – CAPITA SELECTA
Prof. dr. Tony Joris
Academiejaar 2021-2022
, INHOUDSTAFEL
Lezing 1: New Economic Governance of the EU (part 1) - Prof. Blizkovsky ..................................................... 6
0. Praktische inleiding tot het vak ..................................................................................................................... 6
1. Introduction to the first lecture ..................................................................................................................... 6
1.1. The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) ........................................................................................... 6
1.2. Economic governance has two components.......................................................................................... 7
1.3. New economic governance and politics................................................................................................. 8
2. Economic and monetary union ...................................................................................................................... 8
2.1. Economic policy >< monetary policy ...................................................................................................... 8
2.2. The Eurozone problem ........................................................................................................................... 8
2.3. A single currency is not new................................................................................................................... 9
Lezing 2: New economic governance of the EU (part II): economic coordination - Prof. Blizkovsky .............. 11
1. The measures of the EU regarding economic coordination ......................................................................... 11
1.1. Fiscal coordination (Arts. 126, 136)...................................................................................................... 11
1.2. Economic policy coordination (Art. 129 tFEU) ..................................................................................... 14
1.3. No bail-out clause (Art. 125 TFEU) ....................................................................................................... 15
2. The five weak spots of economic coordination ............................................................................................ 15
3. The first minicrisis of the Euro ..................................................................................................................... 17
4. The 2008 financial crisis and the shift to new economic governance .......................................................... 17
4.1. First phase of the crisis ......................................................................................................................... 18
4.2. Second phase of the crisis .................................................................................................................... 19
4.3. Third phase of the crisis ....................................................................................................................... 21
4.4. Fourth phase of the crisis ..................................................................................................................... 22
5. The banking union (BU) ............................................................................................................................... 23
5.1. The pedestal: Single Supervisory Handbook & Single Rulebook .......................................................... 24
5.2. The first pillar: Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) .......................................................................... 25
5.3. The second pillar: Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) ...................................................................... 27
5.4. The Third pillar: European Deposit Insurance Scheme (EDIS) .............................................................. 28
Lezing 3: New economic governance of the EU (part III): Monetary Policy - Prof. Blizkovsky ....................... 29
1. Introduction: Art. 127 TFEU ......................................................................................................................... 29
2. Second legal basis: Art. 123 TFEU ................................................................................................................ 30
3. Economic (and monetary) governance ........................................................................................................ 31
3.1. Old Economic Governance ................................................................................................................... 31
3.2. New economic and monetary governance .......................................................................................... 32
Lezing 4: Primacy, national identity and the (unbearable lightness of being) constitutional courts – Prof.
Luca Prete ................................................................................................................................................... 34
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 34
1.1. The EU vs other international organizations ........................................................................................ 34
1.2. Principle 1: Direct effect ....................................................................................................................... 35
1.3. Principle 2: Primacy .............................................................................................................................. 35
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, 1.4. Principle 3: Conform interpretation ..................................................................................................... 36
1.5. Principle 4: Liability for breaches of EU law by EU itself or Member States ........................................ 37
2. Primacy under attack? ................................................................................................................................. 37
2.1. Solange cases (’74, ’86) ........................................................................................................................ 38
2.2. Weiß II case (2020) ............................................................................................................................... 38
2.3. Judgement K3/21 (2021) ...................................................................................................................... 39
2.4. Decision 685/20 (2022) ........................................................................................................................ 40
3. Art. 4(2) TEU: The solution? ......................................................................................................................... 40
3.1. Sayn-Wittgenstein case (C-208/09) ...................................................................................................... 40
3.2. Coman case (C-673/13) ........................................................................................................................ 41
3.3. Stolichna case (C-490/20)..................................................................................................................... 41
3.4. Poland and Hungary v. Council case..................................................................................................... 42
3.5. Romanian case (C-430/21, RS) ............................................................................................................. 42
3.6. Boriss Cilevičs (C-391/20) (see slides 20-24) ........................................................................................ 42
4. Outlook and conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 44
Lezing 5: De Europese Unie en sportrecht – Prof. Niels Verborg .................................................................. 46
1. De evolutie van de rol van de EU inzake sport ............................................................................................. 46
1.1. Fase 1: 1957-1974 ................................................................................................................................ 46
1.2. Fase 2: 1974-1994 ................................................................................................................................ 46
1.3. Fase 3: 1995 ......................................................................................................................................... 46
1.4. Fase 4: 1995-2009 ................................................................................................................................ 47
1.5. Fase 5: 2009-heden? ............................................................................................................................ 47
1.6. Nieuwe fasE? 2021 ............................................................................................................................... 48
2. Rol van de EU-instellingen inzake sport ....................................................................................................... 48
2.1. Europese Raad...................................................................................................................................... 48
2.2. Europees Parlement ............................................................................................................................. 48
2.3. Raad van Europa .................................................................................................................................. 49
2.4. Europese Commissie (DG onderwijs, jongerenzaken, cultuur en sport) .............................................. 49
2.5. Hof van Justitie van de EU .................................................................................................................... 49
3. Verhouding tussen sport en recht ................................................................................................................ 49
4. Europese mijlpaalarresten ........................................................................................................................... 51
4.1. Walrave en Koch, 1974 ........................................................................................................................ 51
4.2. Dona en Mantero, 1976 ....................................................................................................................... 51
4.3. Bosman, 1995....................................................................................................................................... 51
4.4. Meca-Medina en Majcen, 2006 ........................................................................................................... 52
4.5. Bernard, 2006....................................................................................................................................... 53
4.6. Biffi, 2019 ............................................................................................................................................. 53
4.7. ISU-case, 2020 ...................................................................................................................................... 54
4.7. Andere lopende zaken ......................................................................................................................... 55
5. Sport, lobby en politiek ................................................................................................................................ 55
5.1. European Super League-zaak ............................................................................................................... 55
5.2. Samenwerking ueFA en EU inzake Green Deal .................................................................................... 56
5.3. Nauwe banden tussen EU en FIFA ....................................................................................................... 56
5.4. Kritische reflectie ................................................................................................................................. 56
6. Conclusie ...................................................................................................................................................... 56
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,Lezing 6: Brexit (Part 2021): the internal market - Sir Jonathan faull ............................................................ 58
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 58
1.1. Quid UK ................................................................................................................................................ 58
1.2. Quid EU ................................................................................................................................................ 58
1.3. Brexit .................................................................................................................................................... 59
2. The Single/internal market .......................................................................................................................... 59
2.1. Single currency ..................................................................................................................................... 59
2.2.THe Schengen system ........................................................................................................................... 60
2.3. Customs union ..................................................................................................................................... 60
2.4. Goods and services............................................................................................................................... 60
3. Trade agreements........................................................................................................................................ 61
4. What with Northern Ireland? ...................................................................................................................... 62
5. Gibraltar ...................................................................................................................................................... 63
6. David Cameron’s requirements ................................................................................................................... 64
6.1. Issue 1: the Euro ................................................................................................................................... 64
6.2. ISsue 2: Immigration ............................................................................................................................ 65
6.3. Issue 3: Sovereignty ............................................................................................................................. 65
6.4. Issue 4: Democracy .............................................................................................................................. 65
Lezing 7: Brexit (part 2022) - Sir Jonathan Faull ............................................................................................ 67
1. Introduction and history .............................................................................................................................. 67
1.1. The complexities of the UK .................................................................................................................. 68
2. How the british view the Union ................................................................................................................... 68
3. Trade agreements........................................................................................................................................ 69
4. The Northern Ireland border ........................................................................................................................ 69
5. Clean EU-UK break? ..................................................................................................................................... 70
6. Q&A ............................................................................................................................................................. 70
6.1. How can faith and trust be restored between the EU and UK? ........................................................... 70
6.2. Risk of divergence: what about the precautionary principle and the level playing field? ................... 71
6.3. What about the new settlement for the UK wthin the EU? ................................................................. 72
Lezing 8: EU migratierecht: een blik op de toestroom van personen uit Oekraïne in de EU - Aniel Pahladsingh
.................................................................................................................................................................... 74
DEEL 1: THEORIE .............................................................................................................................................. 74
1.1. Introductie............................................................................................................................................ 74
1.2. Bronnen in het EU-migratierecht ......................................................................................................... 74
1.3. EU instellingen in het EU-migratierecht ............................................................................................... 75
1.4. Unierecht.............................................................................................................................................. 76
1.5. Begrippen ............................................................................................................................................. 76
1.6. Gemeneeschappelijk Europees Asielsysteem (GEAS) .......................................................................... 77
1.7. Immigratie ............................................................................................................................................ 77
1.8. Beheer grenzen .................................................................................................................................... 78
1.9. Irreguliere immigratie .......................................................................................................................... 78
Deel 2: Actualiteit – Crisis in Oekraïne ............................................................................................................. 79
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, 2.1. Introductie............................................................................................................................................ 79
2.2. Richtlijn 2001/55 .................................................................................................................................. 79
2.3. Solidariteit ............................................................................................................................................ 80
2.4. Personen op wie de tijdelijke bescherming van toepassing is ............................................................. 81
2.5. Duur vd Richtlijn ................................................................................................................................... 81
2.6. Rechten van de ontheemden ............................................................................................................... 82
2.7. Verplichtingen voor de EU-lidstaten .................................................................................................... 82
2.8. Verhouding van de tijdelijke richtlijnen tot de vluchtelingenstatus .................................................... 82
2.9. Terugkeer ............................................................................................................................................. 82
2.10. Unieburgerschap ................................................................................................................................ 83
2.11. Recht van vrij verkeer en verblijf ....................................................................................................... 83
2.12. Personele werkingssfeer .................................................................................................................... 83
2.14. Migratierechten (Richtlijn 2004/38)................................................................................................... 83
2.15. Wat gaat goed en wat kan beter? ...................................................................................................... 84
Lezing 9: Taaldiversiteit en de interne markt van de EU – Prof. Stefaan van der JEught................................ 85
1. Inleiding: Opvattingen over ‘taaldiversiteit’ ................................................................................................ 85
2. In de EU en met name in de interne markt? ................................................................................................ 85
2.1. Vrij verkeer van goederen: territorialiteitsbeginsel ............................................................................. 86
2.2. Vrij verkeer van werknemers en taalvereisten .................................................................................... 88
2.3. Vrijheid van vestiging en diensten ....................................................................................................... 90
3. Beëdigde vertaling van documenten ........................................................................................................... 91
4. Constitutionele identiteit en taalbeleid ....................................................................................................... 92
5. Slotopmerkingen.......................................................................................................................................... 93
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, LEZING 1: NEW ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE OF THE EU (PART 1)
- PROF. BLIZKOVSKY
0. PRAKTISCHE INLEIDING TOT HET VAK
Doelstellingen:
- Studenten worden verwacht in staat te zijn om te reflecteren over verschillende juridische
aspecten vd Europese eenmaking en deze aspecten op een kritische wijze te kunnen
verwerken.
Examen:
- Schriftelijk examen met open en mogelijks gesloten vragen.
- De examenvragen zijn meestal kennisvragen, maar laten soms ruimte voor een eigen kritische
reflectie.
- Voorbeeldvragen:
o Geef en bespreek de juridische instrumenten die door de EU en de lidstaten van de
eurozone werden aangenomen n.a.v. de schuldencrisis (budgettaire discipline). Hoe
vindt u dat de EU had moeten reageren op deze crisis?
o Brexit: geef en bespreek de vier bekommernissen die in de brief van David Cameron
van 10 november 2015 aan Donald Tusk werden geuit.
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST LECTURE
‘New economic governance’ implies that there used to be an ‘old economic governance’.
à New economic governance is a synonym for the term ‘Economic and Monetary Union’
(EMU), as defined in the EU treaties.
There will be three separate lectures on this topic:
- The first one will be introductory; we will study how and why the EMU was created.
- The second lecture will be about the economic part of the Union.
- The third lecture will be on the monetary part of the EMU.
1.1. THE ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION (EMU)
(De oefening heb ik overgeslaan, was niet nuttig).
The basis of the economic governance of the EU is the EMU.
- Legally speaking: EMU = set of policies of the EU.
- It governs the single currency (euro).
- EMU-rules are binding for the eurozone members (hard criteria, sanctions) and for the non-
eurozone members (less strict, no sanctions).
E: Economic à economic policy = budget
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, - Tricky: single currency with 27 different budgets.
- The EU has its own budget which does not replace the budgets of the EU Member States (MS).
The EU coordinates the national budgets, so that the monetary policy is not undermined.
- Don’t confuse the EU budget (1% of GDP of the EU MS) with the budgets of the MS themselves,
which are an average of 40% of the national GDP.
M: Monetary à keeping inflation (= increase of price of goods/services, ≠ deflation) under control.
U: Union
à The EMU is managing a single currency and the biggest challenge is uniting 27 different budgets
and 19 states with the Euro-currency within a single monetary policy.
- The Economic and Monetary parts of the EMU are independent (as is written in the EU-
treaties).
Some relevant ‘institutions’:
- Euro group: group of finance ministers of the Euro countries (19). President: Paschal Donohoe.
The Group has no decision-making powers.
- Euro Summit: = the European Council but for the 19 Euro countries. President is Charles
Michel. The Summit also doesn’t have decision-making powers.
1.2. ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE HAS TWO COMPONENTS
à Economic policy: the real economy (GDP*)
à Public finance
*GDP: gross domestic product: the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and
services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period. As a broad measure of overall
domestic production, it functions as a comprehensive measure of a country’s economic health.
Some findings:
- The developed countries dominate the global economic landscape.
- The US and EU are very similar in economic size.
- The Euro area holds a big share of the overall EU economy.
When we look at public debt, we see that the debts are very high but the height of debt depends on
many aspects. E.g. the debt of the Czech Republic is relatively low when compared to other western
countries like France and Germany. Why is this?
- Culture: protestant countries (like Germany) don’t like to live with debt. Southern countries
are more relaxed about taking on debt.
- Mindset: if you are poor, you don’t want to be exposed to the risk of debt. The richer you are,
the more easily you can accept to live with debt.
- History: communists never had debt.
o Oil: western countries bought oil from Arab countries, so they had to take on debt as
the oil was expensive. In the communist countries, Russia was the only oil dealer and
Russia did not increase the price of oil too much, so the communist countries did not
take on too much debt.
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,à When it comes to monetary policy, the banks are big players.
1.3. NEW ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE AND POLITICS
à New economic governance has a lot to do with politics. That’s why names are important. In the
governments, politics and the economy are interlinked. Depending on the political deal, one decision
or another will be taken.
2. ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION
2.1. ECONOMIC POLICY >< MONETARY POLICY
Watch out: do not mix economic policy and monetary policy!
Economic policy covers the systems for setting levels of taxation, government budgets, the money
supply and interest rates as well as the labour market, national ownership, and many other areas of
government interventions into the economy.
Monetary policy is a set of tools that a nation's central bank has available to promote sustainable
economic growth by controlling the overall supply of money that is available to the nation's banks, its
consumers, and its businesses.
- Goal: balance and stability of prices (inflation).
- The central bank may force up interest rates on borrowing in order to discourage spending or
force down interest rates to inspire more borrowing and spending.
- The main weapon at its disposal is the nation’s money. The central bank sets the rates it
charges to loan money to the nation’s banks. When it raises or lowers its rates, all financial
institutions tweak the rates they charge to all their customers.
- A synonym for the monetary policy is a ‘guarantee’.
Inflation and budget are the two important parameters for economic and monetary policy.
- Stability of prices is important and can be achieved by inflation, which is the increase of the
prices year to year.
- Budget (see below)
2.2. THE EUROZONE PROBLEM
The financial realities in the Eurozone countries are very different, yet they are united by a single
economic and monetary policy. à This is often termed the Eurozone problem.
Rich countries are less willing to step into a union with poorer countries (with a lot of debt) because
that will make their own financial situation more expensive and difficult.
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, The consequence of financial instability will be a debt penalty. The bigger the imbalance, the higher
the debt penalty will be. E.g. if the bank lends to a person with a very unstable financial situation, the
bank is taking a big risk as that person might default on their loan, so that is why the bank will ask for
a higher premium to such a person.
The safer the country is, the cheaper that it will obtain loans because the debt is cheaper and the risk
is smaller.
E.g. if Belgium has a high debt, should Germany bother? Yes: for every million euros that Germany is
going to buy, Belgium is making the price of their loans higher.
E.g. If Germany has their public finances in order (meaning low deficit and low debt) should Belgium
bother? Yes because Belgium will benefit from the German stability. Belgium will get a lower premium
from the banks because they are in a union with a country whose finances are in order.
à This is the case of economic spillovers, which need to be managed by the EMU rules.
à The EMU exists to address economic cooperation. If you have several countries in one union, there
need to be rules and mechanisms to control the behaviour of the public finances, economic policies,
etc. of those countries in order to create stability for the whole system.
2.3. A SINGLE CURRENCY IS NOT NEW
Some examples from the past:
- Latin Monetary Union (1865-1927). This existed for 50 years.
o Monetary Union of Italy, Belgium, France, Switzerland, etc.
- Monetary Unions in the Scandinavian countries.
Monetary unions can be either informal or formal.
- Informal monetary union: a country is using a currency of another country, without
participating in its management and decision-making process.
o E.g. Kosovo and Montenegro use the Euro, Mexico uses the US dollar, South Ossetia
uses the Russian rouble.
- Formal monetary union: States sign a treaty, create a single currency and participate together
in the decision-making process. They will sit in a common banking authority where everybody
has a vote.
o E.g. South-African Rand, where the main partner is South-Africa. Botswana and other
countries that are nearby also use that currency. They sit in the common bank. This is
still not comparable to the Eurozone though.
- Formal ‘plus’ monetary union: the plus is “economic policy/coordination” = the euro. This is
unique. Nowhere in history was there a case where an economic policy of several States was
coordinated (remember, economic policy = budget). Next stage = political union.
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