Resume
Summary Political Rhetoric
- Cours
- Political Rhetoric
- Établissement
- Universiteit Antwerpen (UA)
Samenvatting van slides verwerkt met notities + boek.
[Montrer plus]
Aperçu du contenu
Inhoudsopgave1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1. The importance of PR................................................................................................................................................................5
1.2. What is rhetoric? The practice of speech and persuasion…......................................................................................................5
1.3. Political rhetoric.........................................................................................................................................................................5
1.4. A diverse research field?............................................................................................................................................................6
2. Rhetoric, a contested notion (Handbook: chapter 1 & 2)...................................................................................................... 6
2.1. Rhetoric was central to ancient democracy (Greece and Rome)..............................................................................................6
2.1.1. Plato against rhetoric............................................................................................................................................................7
2.1.2. Aristotle (student from Plato) in favour of rhetoric ...............................................................................................................8
2.1.3. Cicero......................................................................................................................................................................................9
2.2. Rhetoric diminished when modern state emerged (retoriek nam af toen de modern staat opkwam)....................................9
2.2.1. Hobbes....................................................................................................................................................................................9
2.2.2. Rousseau.................................................................................................................................................................................9
2.3. The political vs politics.............................................................................................................................................................10
3. Classical rhetoric – discovery and arrangement.................................................................................................................. 11
3.1. Occasions of speech.................................................................................................................................................................11
3.2. The issue = verwijst naar wat er op het spel staat bij een toespraak (what is at stake on any speech occasion)..................12
3.3. Discorvery = invention.............................................................................................................................................................12
3.3.1. Logos (reason)......................................................................................................................................................................12
3.3.2. Ethos (speakers’s character/authority)................................................................................................................................13
3.3.3. Pathos (emotion = the appeal to sentiment)........................................................................................................................14
3.4. Arrangement...........................................................................................................................................................................14
4. Style = the use of language................................................................................................................................................. 16
4.1. Figures of speech.....................................................................................................................................................................17
4.1.1. Schemes – repetition............................................................................................................................................................17
4.1.2. Schemes – playing with the grammar/syntactic patterns...................................................................................................18
4.1.3. Schemes – interaction..........................................................................................................................................................18
4.1.4. Tropes – substitution = the use of particular words to connote certain meanings..............................................................19
5. Delivery = deals with the techniques and qualities of performance.....................................................................................21
6. Acient rhetoric – conclusion............................................................................................................................................... 21
7. Mass media & rhetoric: speaking for the public.................................................................................................................. 22
7.1. The mediazation of politics / mediating the public domain....................................................................................................22
1
, 7.2. The media’s ambiguous role...................................................................................................................................................22
7.3. What’s news?..........................................................................................................................................................................23
7.3.1. News values..........................................................................................................................................................................23
7.4. Why do politicians adapt? Why do they really want to make it in the media?......................................................................24
7.5. The rhetoric politicians............................................................................................................................................................24
7.6. The rhetoric of mass media.....................................................................................................................................................26
7.7. Media and cultural studies......................................................................................................................................................26
7.8. television news as rhetorical genre.........................................................................................................................................26
7.9. Episodic vs thematic framing...................................................................................................................................................28
7.10. Media: curse or blessing for political rhetoric?.....................................................................................................................29
8. Research methods in PR – rhetorical political analysis........................................................................................................ 30
8.1. Diverse research goals.............................................................................................................................................................30
8.2. Rhetorical political analyses (RPA) = applying rhetoric to the study of politics......................................................................30
8.3. Focus on “ideas” (RPA)............................................................................................................................................................30
8.4. Question of agency (RPA)........................................................................................................................................................31
8.5. How to do rhetorical political analysis (RPA) a method.........................................................................................................32
8.6. Example RPA: inaugural speech of president John F. Kennedy...............................................................................................32
8.7. Quantitative content analysis (QCA).......................................................................................................................................33
8.8. How to do quantitative content analysis (QCA)......................................................................................................................34
8.9. Example QCA: Kalkhoven 2017................................................................................................................................................34
8.10. Internal/external validity (QCA)............................................................................................................................................35
8.11. Experimental research...........................................................................................................................................................35
8.12. How to do experimental research.........................................................................................................................................36
8.13. Example experiment: Tomz 2007..........................................................................................................................................36
8.14. Challenges (experimental research)......................................................................................................................................37
8.15. Other methods.......................................................................................................................................................................37
9. emotion & incivility (onbeleefdheid) – democracy, rhetoric and emotions..........................................................................37
9.1. deliberative democracy (to eliminate or minimize rhetorical exchanges in public dialogue).................................................38
9.2. Intro neuroscience/psychoanalysis both share the views that reason and emotion are interlinked .....................................39
9.2.1. neuroscience.........................................................................................................................................................................39
9.2.1.1. The use of fear/anxiety & enthusiasm (2 emotions that Marcus explains) with these emotions we can recognize the
accomplishment of persuasion (if we can’t see these emotions, we wouldn’t be able to do this)................................................40
9.2.1.2. Measuring affect...............................................................................................................................................................41
9.2.1.3. Emotional appeal of family metaphors.............................................................................................................................41
9.2.2. Psychoanalysis......................................................................................................................................................................41
9.3. Incivility (onbeleefdheid hate speech…) in politics.................................................................................................................42
9.4. Occurrence of incivility in politics............................................................................................................................................43
2
, 9.5. Effects of incivility in politics....................................................................................................................................................43
9.6. Emotional rhetoric: curse or blessing?....................................................................................................................................45
10. How persuasive is simple elite communication? Effects on like-minded and polarized audiences (guest lecture)...............46
10.1. Background: What is Political Persuasion?...........................................................................................................................46
10.2. Outline...................................................................................................................................................................................46
10.3. The starting point of this study: three major claims.............................................................................................................46
10.4. A conceptual example...........................................................................................................................................................47
10.5. Theoretical motivation..........................................................................................................................................................47
10.6. Premises.................................................................................................................................................................................47
10.7. Theoretical principle..............................................................................................................................................................47
10.8. Hypotheses............................................................................................................................................................................48
10.9. Complexity manipulation (democrat)....................................................................................................................................49
10.10. Dependent variable: post-treatment policy support...........................................................................................................49
10.11. Ensuring the study’s validity................................................................................................................................................49
10.12. Method................................................................................................................................................................................51
10.13. Results.................................................................................................................................................................................51
10.14. Experiment 2: summary......................................................................................................................................................52
10.15. So, how do voters respond to simple rhetoric? Results Overview.......................................................................................52
10.16. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................................53
11. Deliberative democracy – democracy as a puzzle (chapter 3: the rhetorical citizen)...........................................................53
11.1. Citizenship: ancient and modern...........................................................................................................................................53
11.2. What is politics? The politics of representation....................................................................................................................54
11.3. But then what?......................................................................................................................................................................56
11.4. Deliberative democracy as a solution....................................................................................................................................56
11.5. Should rationality be one of them or can emotions have their place?.................................................................................57
12. The rhetoric of populist leaders and parties...................................................................................................................... 57
12.1. Populism is all over the news................................................................................................................................................57
12.2. What is populism?.................................................................................................................................................................57
12.3. Diversity of populism.............................................................................................................................................................58
12.4. Example.................................................................................................................................................................................59
12.5. Populism as a communication style......................................................................................................................................59
12.6. The people as a rhetorical construct.....................................................................................................................................59
12.7. Elements of populist rhetoric.................................................................................................................................................59
12.7.1. Patriotism/ Invoking the heartland....................................................................................................................................59
12.7.2. Crisis rhetoric......................................................................................................................................................................60
12.7.3. Absolutism..........................................................................................................................................................................60
3
, 12.7.4. Colloquial language............................................................................................................................................................60
12.7.5. Emotionalization / negativism...........................................................................................................................................60
12.7.6. Intimization.........................................................................................................................................................................60
12.8. Exercise..................................................................................................................................................................................61
12.9. Populist language, simplistic language?...............................................................................................................................61
12.10. Use of populist rhetoric.......................................................................................................................................................62
12.11. Who uses populist rhetoric?................................................................................................................................................63
12.12. On what channels do politicians go populist?.....................................................................................................................63
4
Les avantages d'acheter des résumés chez Stuvia:
Qualité garantie par les avis des clients
Les clients de Stuvia ont évalués plus de 700 000 résumés. C'est comme ça que vous savez que vous achetez les meilleurs documents.
L’achat facile et rapide
Vous pouvez payer rapidement avec iDeal, carte de crédit ou Stuvia-crédit pour les résumés. Il n'y a pas d'adhésion nécessaire.
Focus sur l’essentiel
Vos camarades écrivent eux-mêmes les notes d’étude, c’est pourquoi les documents sont toujours fiables et à jour. Cela garantit que vous arrivez rapidement au coeur du matériel.
Foire aux questions
Qu'est-ce que j'obtiens en achetant ce document ?
Vous obtenez un PDF, disponible immédiatement après votre achat. Le document acheté est accessible à tout moment, n'importe où et indéfiniment via votre profil.
Garantie de remboursement : comment ça marche ?
Notre garantie de satisfaction garantit que vous trouverez toujours un document d'étude qui vous convient. Vous remplissez un formulaire et notre équipe du service client s'occupe du reste.
Auprès de qui est-ce que j'achète ce résumé ?
Stuvia est une place de marché. Alors, vous n'achetez donc pas ce document chez nous, mais auprès du vendeur jadesmeulders. Stuvia facilite les paiements au vendeur.
Est-ce que j'aurai un abonnement?
Non, vous n'achetez ce résumé que pour €8,99. Vous n'êtes lié à rien après votre achat.
Peut-on faire confiance à Stuvia ?
4.6 étoiles sur Google & Trustpilot (+1000 avis)
80467 résumés ont été vendus ces 30 derniers jours
Fondée en 2010, la référence pour acheter des résumés depuis déjà 14 ans