This summary provides a complete overview of the chapters dealt with in the course 'Intercultural Communication. It features notes of the book as well as of the lectures.
NUR 160 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING STUDY QUESTIONS (CHAPTER 04) THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRACTICE FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING, 9TH EDITION POTTER TEST BANK
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Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)
International Business Communication
Intercultural Communication (LETCIWB152IBC)
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INTERCULTURAL CUMMUNICATION – SUMMARY
Chapter 1 – Challenges of living in a global community
Small world experiment (Milgram, 1967)
> how many steps/people does it take to connect to random people in the world?
> participants in various cities in US were asked to send a letter to a person in Boston only via people
that they knew personally
> result > six degrees of separation (network study) > 5/6 people from start till end
Small word experiment 2.0 (Facebook, 2012)
> same experiment with Facebook users
> result > 3,57 degrees of separation
> world is getting smaller and smaller…
The world as a village
> “global village” (McLuhan, 1962) > describes a future world in which communication
technology brings news and information to the most
remote parts of the world
> today > information is ubiquitous (through mass media)
> communication is 24/7
> communication is potentially global
Why is it important to gain knowledge about IC?
> every person can communicate with people around the globe
> but we are still not the same!
> influence of own cultural perspective > language
> communication style (formal/informal…)
> value orientations
Globalization is…
> “The process of interconnectedness between society, so that events in one place of the world have
more and deeper effects on people and societies far away.”
> “The widening, deepening, and speeding up of the worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects
of contemporary social life. This interconnectivity breaks down the boundary between East and West.”
> “The increase of trade around the world, especially by large companies producing or trading
goods in many different countries.”
> “The idea that the world is developing a single economy and culture as a result of improved
technology and communications and the influence of very large multinational companies.”
Do we live in a unified world?
> KOF Index of globalization > economic > trade & investment flows, import/export
> social > personal contact, information flows, number of
McDonalds, IKEA stores…
> political > foreign embassies in a country, membership of
international organizations, participation in UN
missions, involvement in international trade
agreements
> shown on a world map > the darker the blue, the more globalized
Views of Globalization
> globalists > inevitable development
> cannot be resisted or significantly influenced by humans
> support development/see many benefits in it
> traditionalists > most economic/social activity is regional rather than global
> significant role of nation-states
> prefer it this way
, INTERCULTURAL CUMMUNICATION – SUMMARY
> transformationalists > significant shift but still significant scope for national, local and other
agencies
Globalization = diversity?
> globalization leading to a more diversified or to a more uniform world?
Global cultural diversity
> today about 5000 distinct cultures with their languages
> representing at least 300 distinct phyla (linguistic families)
> biological and cultural diversity together
> environmental factors > geographical
barriers breed
divergence
> tropical climates
support more life
> sociocultural factors > smaller groups
highly adaptable
> multilingualism is the global norm
Contributors to cultural contact
> advanced technology and transportation & increased mobility
> easier to travel & move for economic or lifestyle opportunities
> easier to interact online via ever-changing apps & modalities
> smaller, yet more diverse world
> understanding other cultures is a challenge we face on an everyday basis
> globalized economy and business
> global transformation: local market as diverse as global market
> international expansion: MNCs operating globally, outsourcing to low-wage
countries > economy no longer national but global
> diverse workforce: migrant workers, expats
> understanding cultural tensions creating by economic transformations is a challenge we face
in intercultural communication in business contexts (BREXIT, TTIP, EU, NATO)
> mass migration and international exchange
> 5% of global population is mobile
> immigration flows (from developing to developed countries)
> refugees from war-torn countries
> migrant workers who move to a host country temporarily
> student exchanges
> expats who temporarily relocate to work in another country
> facilitating intercultural co-existence is a challenge we face in our societies
Necessity and benefits of IC
> societies are increasingly multicultural, made up of diverse cultures
= multiculturalism at descriptive level
> living and working together requires mutual understanding and tolerance
> ‘melting pot’ societies flourish when there is acceptance of equal societal participation of
diverse groups = multiculturalism at attitudinal level
> therefore: necessary to study intercultural communication and gain intercultural
communicative competence, to build intercultural understanding
> building intercultural understanding
> become aware of cultural rules by being confronted with cultural rules of others
> promoting international business exchange
> communicating with unfamiliar cultures does not simple mean finding a translator
, INTERCULTURAL CUMMUNICATION – SUMMARY
> business is building relationships (e.g. Chinese guanxi: trust, favour, dependence,
adaptation)
> so: understanding cultures and cultural differences is the key to successful business exchange
> facilitating cross-cultural adaptation
> tension between immigrants and host nationals often centers on the issue of cultural
maintenance
> melting pot or salad bowl?
> in today’s world, all countries are interdependent and share a common future
> intercultural communication can play an irreplaceable in this historical undertaking
Chapter 2 – Culture and people
Defining culture
> many different definitions in scientific literature
> in common > culture is pervasive in human life
> culture governs people’s behaviors
> metaphors > People see the world through cultural glasses
> People see the world through a window
> Culture is the luggage we carry
> Culture is like the water fish swim in
> Culture is like the air we breathe
> Web that people have spun
> culture confines members to their social reality and facilitates their
functioning in it
> culture is product and process
> culture provides context for behavior
> Iceberg > visible > symbols, rituals…
> invisible > values, norms…
> Onion > symbols – heroes – rituals – values (superficial to deep)
> Software > culture as hardwired program in our mind
> needs to be installed
> Tree > bottom to top
> fundamental concerns – values – outward expressions
> dynamic
> may be defined as
> “the particular way of life of a group of people and the meaning-making process
by which people make sense of their social world”
> “culture compromises the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, traditions,
religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, worldviews, material objects, and geographic
territory”
Culture as “layered” (Dodd’s (1998) model)
> inner core > aspects underlie and shape
culture and the behavior
> history: carrier of cultural heritage,
provides continuity
> identity: sense of ‘who we are’ or ‘who I
am’
> beliefs: what a culture believes as true
or false
> values: what a culture regards as good
or bad
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