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Volledige samenvatting Global Energy Politics
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Par: sophieb_c • 2 année de cela
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GLOBAL ENERGY POLITICSPART 1: BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS
1. INTRODUCTION
SITUATING THE COURSE
• Specialized, optional, Master-level course offered to students of international politics
• Initial competences: to have an understanding of the basic concepts, history, and most important
developments with regard to international politics
• It’s not a narrow topic, it’s very broad
• One of the key themes in the 21st century that will shape the next couple of decades and how international
politics will evolve
CONTENT
• How does our energy system shape outcomes in key areas of world politics?
o “energy is a prism through which broader issues in politics reflect”
Security
Economy
Environment
Justice
o We will try to treat these themes in the course (on how they intersect, how are they linked to
each other?)
o Oil, coal and natural gas fossil fuels, they are literally ancient deposits of organic material,
they have been covered in the earth crusts and given the right circumstances they have been
transformed into fossil fuels (solid coal, gas, liquid). They belong to the family of
hydrocarbons. What do we do with them? We dig them up and then we burn them (80%) and
the other 20% is nuclear and hydropower and renewable energy (solar, wind,…)
• As we shift from fossil fuels to renewables, how will global politics change? global energy
transformation
There are energy transitions, from one fuel
to another. And now we are shifting from
fuel to technologies (solar power, we get this
by solar panels). There’s no market in fuels
anymore, but a market in technologies. Also
with wind. It’s more a transformation than a
transition. We’re basically at the start of the
red curve. We learned one important thing of
the pandemic: people have always the
tendency to underestimate the impact of
exponential growth.
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,Fish double every day and at some point, the pond is full of fish at day 60. But at what point the fish is half full of
fish? at day 59. We are now experiencing the same with the transformation to renewables.
Fossil fuels are basically just fuels that you dig out of the ground. So, the price of those fuels is not set by how
much it costs to get them out of the ground but rather the state of the world economy. The demand. When you
look at the price of solar and wind then basically you have only the capital cost of installing the solar panel or
windmill. What you have with these technologies, it’s the same thing with the smartphones. Smartphones are on
the technology learning curves. When people talk about energy, they often talk about power generation. Electricity
is used in transport; the heating of our buildings is also not electrified (electrical gas) and our agriculture and
industry is also not electrified. But they can be electrified. Vehicles can be electrified. In many ways the energy
transition is now unstoppable, but it doesn’t mean that it will evolve as in the graph. It will probably have some
shocks.
Could nuclear fusion have an unpredictable effect on this too in the future?
Nuclear power generate today is nuclear fusion. But if you can master nuclear fusion bringing together to atoms,
than you have a bigger amount of energy and not the problem of nuclear waste no more. But governments have
invested millions of dollars for decades, without much result. The best case for nuclear fusion is to wait until 2040.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1) Gain knowledge about key concepts, trends and paradigms relating to GEP
2) Be able to form a nuanced and critical opinion issues relating to GEP and engage in discussions
3) Work cooperatively in group to create an original portfolio of strategies to cut CO2
TEXTBOOK
• Thijs Van de Graaf: Global Energy Politics
PRACTICAL ARRANGEMENTS
• Classes online
• Flipped classroom approach
o Before class: read text(s) and watch video(s); do the assignments
o During class: questions, discussions, exercises…
WEEKLY ASSIGNMENT
• Test your knowledge with a quiz
• Prepare a 3-2-1 reflection
o Three lessons learned
o Two examples, illustrations, links
o One muddiest point
• Complete by Sunday evening
CLIMATE ACTION SIMULATION GAME
• Monday, May 3
• Team-based exercise that teaches players about the technology and policy solutions for addressing
climate change
• No special preparation needed
2
,Oral examination: combination of some questions where he can see if we studied the course. Reproduction
questions and some more questions about insights, linkages, a conversation.
We can choose if it’s in English and Dutch.
SUMMARY FT: HOW THE RACE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY IS RESHAPING
GLOBAL POLITICS
• Andrew “Twiggy” Forrest (Australian), chairman of Fortescue Metals Group was on the hunt for
clean energy (hydropower and geothermal energy)
• The journey to replace fossil fuels with green energy has been moving at glacial speed for decades, but
is now violently on the move
• In 15 years countries who don’t take green energy seriously will get left behind
o Because of climate change, we can’t keep doing things the way we have always done them
• Dozens of the world’s biggest economies have adopted targets for net-zero emissions of greenhouse gases
by 2050
o In 2015: Paris Climate Agreement, ratified by 189 countries it aims to limit global warming
to well below 2°C
How? countries are rushing to cut fuels, boost clean energy and transform their
economies in the process
• Energy politics will also change
o The fear of an oil embargo or a gas shortage was enough to forge alliances or start wars, and
access to oil deposits conferred great wealth
o There will become a new set of winners and losers in the world of clean energy
“A clean energy space race”, those countries will gain from the new system, while
those that rely on exporting fossil fuels could see their power decline
“As fossil fuels gradually go out of the energy system… the old geopolitical model of power centers that dominate
relations between states also goes out the window. Gradually the power of those states that were big players in
the world of the fossil-fuel economies, or big corporates like the oil companies, will fritter away.”
• In Australia: a growing lobby is pushing for the country to become a “renewable superpower”
o Project ‘The Sun Cable’ aims to lay an electric cable all the way to Singapore
• New power structures will emerge along with the transition and the (old) levers of control, a lot of them,
will dissipate and simply cease to exist
o There’s a new class of energy exporters that may emerge on the global scene
From carbon to electrons
• Some countries already far ahead! Norway: The North Sea Link
o The world’s longest subsea electricity cable
o Between Norway and the UK
o It exports Norway’s abundant hydropower to its neighbors
• We will see a shift from oil and gas to electricity electrification
• Now, 75% of the world economy has a decarbonization horizon (18 months ago, only 25% had this)
• Amid the recession triggered by the pandemic, demand for oil fell 8.8 per cent and demand for coal 5%,
compared to the year before (International Energy Agency)
o Clean energy was the only part of the energy sector that had growth in 2020
• The IEA expects that renewables will soon pass coal as the biggest source of power generation
• But some countries will have much to lose Russia, Middle East, Poland
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, o They are dependent on producing coal, oil and gas
• When we talk about wind, solar, biomass, hydropower, ocean energy, geothermal – they are actually
available in one form or another in most countries
o For places such as Morocco, which imports more than 80% of its energy but also has abundant
solar resources, the transition could be an economic gift
• The Irena report found three ways for countries to exert influence in the new system
1) Exporting electricity or green fuels
2) Controlling the raw materials used in clean energy (lithium and cobalt)
3) Gaining an edge in technology such as electric vehicle batteries
• China is currently in pole position
China pulls ahead
• The southern tip of the Democratic Republic of Congo: the Tenke Fungurume copper and cobalt mine
o China bought the mine
o Today, as demand for copper and cobalt soars due to the clean energy transition, it seems like a
masterstroke
Copper is essential for electric cables and wind turbines
Cobalt is used in electric vehicle batteries
o China produces more than 70% of all solar photovoltaic panels, half of the world’s electric
vehicles and a third of its wind power
o It is the biggest battery producer and controls many of the raw materials crucial for clean-tech
supply chains, such as cobalt, rare earth minerals and polysilicon (solar panels)
• According to Thijs Van de Graaf, China is the winner of the clean energy technology race
• This advantage has been part strategy, part luck
o China aims to be carbon neutral by 2060
• A new industrial transformation wind turbines and solar panels, Belt and Road Initiative, more
renewable projects
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