exam questions with answer ,class notes

Descriptive & Analytic Epidemiology How we view the world….. • Pessimist: The glass is half empty. • Optimist: The glass is half full. • Epidemiologist: As compared to what? Descriptive epidemiology • Attempts to explain the reason for disease occurrence. • Examines the distribution of disease in populations • Knowledge of such distributions is essential to describe patterns of disease as well as to help identify risk factors • Examines the characteristics ...

DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS & ACCUMULATIONS Intracellular accumulations  Manifestations of cellular metabolic derangement that accumulates substances within the cells.  May accumulate cellular components or abnormal substances or pigments e.g I. Normal endogenous substances: May be produced at normal rates. The metabolic rate of its removal is inadequate e.g fatty change. II. Normal or abnormal endogenous substances: accumulating because of genetic or acquired defects in i...

Lipids Objectives 1. Definition and functions of lipids 2. Classification of lipids 3. Chemical properties of lipids Definition: o Lipids are organic compounds formed mainly from alcohol and fatty acids combined together by ester linkage o Very important biomolecules o Insoluble in water o Soluble in organic solvents and other lipids o Lipids include fats, butter, ghee, lard, tallow, terpenes, steroids. Also vegetable oils such as olive oil, corn oil, soybean oil, semsem oil, sun f...

Proteins • Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells • Most varied of the biomolecules • Categorized by func on Protein function Storage Examples: Casein, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals. Plants have storage proteins in their

Campylobacter & Helicobacter General Characteristics Common to Superfamily  Gram-negative  Helical (spiral or curved) morphology; Tend to be pleomorphic  Characteristics that facilitate penetration and colonization of mucosal environments (e.g., motile by polar flagella; corkscrew shape)  Microaerophilic atmospheric requirements  Become coccoid when exposed to oxygen or upon prolonged culture  Neither ferment nor oxidize carbohydrates History...

Carbohydrate/Glucose Metabolism (Glycolysis) Glycolysis: An Overview • Glycolysis, the major pathway for glucose oxidation, occurs in the cytosol of all cells. • It is unique, in that it can function either aerobically or anaerobically, depending on the availability of oxygen and intact mitochondria. • It allows tissues to survive in presence or absence of oxygen, e.g., skeletal muscle. • Red blood cells (RBCs), which lack mitochondria, are completely reliant on gluc...

Cardiovascular disease COMMON PRESENTING SYMPTOMS OF HEART DISEASE Chest pain Chest pain or discomfort is a common presenting symptom of cardiovascular disease and must be differentiated from non-cardiac causes. The site of pain, its character, radiation and associated symptoms will often point to the cause Dyspnoea Left heart failure is the most common cardiac cause of exertional dyspnoea and may also cause orthopnoea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea. Palpitations Palpitati...

An Illustrated Guide For Cardiovascular System Examination Bedside Teaching for 2nd year medical Students Prepared by: Dr. Farid Ghalli Clinical Teacher (Hon) 2016 Cardiovascular System Examination Inspection • Shape of precordium • Apex beat • Pulsation in other areas a. Pulmonary b. Parasternal c. Aortic d. Neck e. Epigastric f. JVP Palpation i. Apex beat localization ii. Pulsation in following areas • Pulmonary •...

Topic 1: Review of Anatomy and Physiology Objectives At the end of the lesson the learner will be able to: - 1) Describe the structure of the organs of the cardiovascular system 2) Describe the functions of the cardiovascular system 3) Explained the functional organization of the cardiovascular system 1.0 Introduction The Circulatory system is a continuous circuit comprising of the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels) and lymphatic system (lymph vessels, lymph no...

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY A.N Malik Functions of the cardiovascular system • Carrying of respiratory gases and nutrients • Heat distribution • Immunity Components of CVS • Heart • Blood vessels • Arteries • Arterioles • Capillaries • Veins General circuitry of CVS Functional histology