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HUMORAL DEFENCES THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM ANTIBODIES • Humoral immunity refers to the non cellular aspects of the immune system i.e. antibodies synthesis and the accessory processes that accompany it, including: • Th2 activation and cytokine production, • Germinal centre formation and isotype switching, • Affinity maturation and • Memory cell generation. • It also refers to the effector functions of antibody, which include: • Pathogen and toxin neutralization, • Classica...

Growth Hormone • Growth hormone is also known as somatotropin. • It is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell production and cell regeneration. • It is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland September 20, 2022 Growth hormone 3 Structure • Human growth hormone – Has 191 AA residues – MW 22000 (22K hGH) • GH is bound to a protein in plasma – ½ Of GH activity is bound which form • Reservoir of hormone to • Compensate for wide fluctuati...

Embryology of respiratory system and thoracic diaphragm Sequence of development Site – Ventral wall of Foregut Embryonic - Week 4 Pseudoglandular - week 5 - 17 iii. Canalicular – Week 18 - 24 iv. Terminal saccular - Week 24 - birth v. Alveolar – birth – 8 years Timing – 4th week Laryngotracheal diverticulum – ventral wall of foregut Tracheoesophageal folds develop on either side Tracheoesophageal septum that separates it from foregut Epithelium and glands of tra...

AUTOIMMUNITY & HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS AUTOIMMUNITY • This occurs when the immune system attacks self-molecules as a result of a breakdown of immunologic tolerance to autoreactive immune cells. • Many autoimmune disorders have been strongly associated with genetic, infectious, and/or environmental predisposing factors. • Comprising multiple disorders and symptoms ranging from organ-specific to systemic, autoimmune diseases include; • Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, ...

Endocrinology • Both nervous and endocrine systems are the basic systems that regulate the biological processes inside an organism, but through different means of passing signals. • The main difference between the two systems is that nervous system uses electric pulses, and endocrine system uses chemical stimuli to pass the signals to the target cells or organs. CELL-TO-CELL SIGNALING • Cell to cell signaling refers to the transfer of information from one cell to anoth...

Cambridge IGCSE Swahili encourages learners to develop their use of the language for the purpose of practical communication. The syllabus provides opportunities for learners to consolidate their language skills and extend their language range and expression through working with a variety of materials and contemporary resources

Cambridge IGCSE Drama provides opportunities for learners to develop practical skills in performance, both as an individual and within a group. Learners will understand the artistic choices made by actors, directors and designers in presenting performances for an audience.

1.A nurse is caring for a client who has congestive heart failure and is taking digoxin daily. The client refusedbreakfastandiscomplainingofnauseaandweakness.Whichofthefollowingactionsshouldthenursetakefirst? A. Check the client's vital signs. Rationale: It is possible that the client's nausea is secondary to digoxin toxicity. By obtaining vital signs, thenurse can assess for bradycardia, which is a symptom of digoxin toxicity. The nurse shouldwithhold the medication and call the provider...

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