Saylor Academy - PHIL102 Final Study Questions and Answers
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Course
World History Saylor
Institution
World History Saylor
Saylor Academy - PHIL102 Final Study
Questions and Answers
factual dispute occurs when people disagree on a matter that involves facts
verbal dispute when a vague or ambiguous term results in a linguistic misunderstanding
necessary condition a condition without which another event cannot occur
...
Saylor Academy - PHIL102 Final Study
Questions and Answers
factual dispute occurs when people disagree on a matter that involves facts
verbal dispute when a vague or ambiguous term results in a linguistic misunderstanding
necessary condition a condition without which another event cannot occur
sufficient condition a condition that will certainly bring about another event
antecedent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.
consequent the outcome of the hypothetical condition
obscure difficult to see, vague
lexical ambiguity A situation in which a word has two or more meanings. Example: pen-
writing instrument pen- a place where pigs live
, Saylor Academy - PHIL102 Final Study
Questions and Answers
referentially ambiguous A sentence in which a single word does not explicitly refer
Ex: Person A and Person B got into the car and they turned on the air conditioning". It's not clear
which person turned on the AC.
syntactically ambiguous sentence's grammatical structure is unclear, words have multiple
but determinate meanings
Ex: "Politicians are frightening people"
Vagueness indefiniteness, uncertainty. Meanings are indeterminate
Ex: "Dinner will be done in a while."
incompletely expressed idea Self-explanatory.
Ex: "Will this test be like the last one?"
Instead of, "How will this test be similar to the last one? Are we talking length, difficulty, or
content?"
distortions of meaning can result in an erroneously positive or negative disposition
, Saylor Academy - PHIL102 Final Study
Questions and Answers
reification viewing an abstract, immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing
category mistake Attributing a property to something that could not possibly have that
property.
Ex: Comparing apples and oranges and placing apples in the "citrus" category.
premises The reasons presented to persuade someone that a conclusion is true or probably
true.
conclusion a judgement based on the information obtained
valid argument a deductive argument that does in fact provide logically conclusive
support for its conclusion
invalid argument a deductive argument that does not offer logically conclusive support for
the conclusion
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