ANTH1001C - Midterm Study Guide - Classes and Chapters 1 to 4 Summary
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Course
ANTH1001C (ANTH1001C)
Institution
Carleton University (CU
)
This document contains summary's of lectures and chapters 1 through 4 that the midterm exam is based off of in professor Liam Kilmurray's ANTH1001 class at Carleton University. The information is clearly laid out with subtitles and important terms and figures highlighted. lectures and chapters 1 th...
Anthropology: The study of humanity, relationships between humans and the rest of the natural world
and interactions between humans and the environment, including interactions with other species.
4 Anthropology Fields:
Archaeology: Study of past material culture (ex. fossil fuels, artifacts, etc.)
Biological: Study of human biology + evolution (study “races”, biological variation)
Linguistic: Study of language - broader cultural, historical and biological context (includes ape
language studies, unique to humans)
Cultural: Human diversity (ex. sets of learned behaviours, culture in all forms)
- Ethnography: is the controlled participant-observant analysis of a cultural field
- Ethnology: cross-cultural comparison, examining ethnographic info and comparing the
results.
Anthropology as a science
- Anthro as a whole = social science
- Draw connections between etic (value-free and objective) observations
- Customs - explained by finding statistically significant correlations with other behaviors or
environmental circumstances
- To truly understand other cultures - use terms only members of those societies will understand
Guiding Principles
Cultural Relativism:
- To understand a behaviour examine it from the point of view of the culture where it occurs
Holism
- To understand customs of a culture, you must be aware of all other customs that may influence
the way it works in society.
- Understand practices by relating them to the whole.
Bio-Cultural Perspective
- Recognize how human biology shapes culture and behaviours and how our customs can in-turn
influence biological makeup.
Comparative perspective
- Cross-cultural comparisons: identify similarities and offer explanations as to why they occur
among societies and not others
- Similarities and differences across cultures
Evolutionary perspective
- Used in a biological sense to refer to physical changes in a species
- Used in physical / biological anthro and archeology
, Lecture 2 and Chapter 2 - Evolutionary Theory
Middle Ages (10th-15th century)
Mindset of the people
- Everything was present since creation and nothing could be added or removed (so no new
species/evolution and no extinction fixity of species)
- God was perfect and he created a perfect world
- Concept of change was inconceivable
The Great Chain of Being
- Created by Aristotle
- Hierarchical structure that included everything from god to animals
Hypotheses about environmental and biological change could not be created due to no proof
Age of Discovery (15th-18th Century)
- Discovered the world was not "fixed"
- Fossils or proof of life before god was written off as remains of animals in Noah's ark flood
- Nicholas Steno and John Ray tried to make sense of the fossils and concluded that the earth was
very old and some fossils were before Noah's flood
John Ray (1627-1705)
- First person to produce a biological definition of species
- First person to use genus
Nicholas Steno (1638-1686)
- Theorized/discovered that fossils and crystals must have solidified before their host rock had
been formed
Age of Reason (18th-19th Century)
- Balanced science and religion by using "natural philosophy"
- Carolus Linnaues (1707- 1778) organized species into hierarchical series, ranked on distance
from perfection of the divine
- Classified humans into categories, recognized 4 human races: Americanus, Asiaticus,
Africanus & Europeans
- Known as the father of taxonomy
- Binomial taxonomy: in 1735 he assigned Latin tags to every animal and plant
- Hugh Falconer, examie stone tools, was convinced they were older than 4004yrs
- Sir Charles Lyell, book acknowledging prehistory
Geology
Comte de Buffon
- Suggested Earth had been shaped over millions of yrs by natural processes
James Hutton
- Described the earth as a decaying and self-renewing machine
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