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BIOL 2051 FINAL EXAM 1_UPDATED,100% CORRECT
- Course
- BIOL 2051 (BIOL2051)
- Institution
- Louisiana State University
BIOL 2051 FINAL EXAM 1_UPDATED
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BIOL 2051 FINAL EXAM 1_UPDATEDEXAM 1
Introduction to Microbiology
1 Define microbiology?
Study of cells or organisms to small to be seen from the naked eye
2 Where do you find microorganisms?
everywhere
3 How many microorganisms are estimated to be on Earth?
2.5 x 10^30
4 How long have microorganisms been on Earth?
4 Billions of years
5 Are the majority of microorganisms beneficial or harmful?
beneficial
6 Do good or bad microorganisms get the most publicity? Why?
Good, they have many impacts on our lives
7 How do microorganisms impact our lives through the following:
A Disease
i Cure, prevention, and treatment of diseases
B Agriculture
i Symbiotic relationships converting atm nitrogen to fixed nitrogen
C Food
i Cheeses, yogurt, dairies, food preservation
D Energy
i Biofuels, methane, ethanol
E Bioremediation
i Help clean toxic spills, clean pollution
F Biotechnology
i pharmaceuticals
,BIOL 2051 FINAL EXAM 1_UPDATED
8 What are microorganisms made of?
Cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA
Structure & Function
1 Name 6 characteristics of living cells.
Metabolism Differentiation
Reproduction Movement
Communication evolution
2 Who was the first to use a microscope to see microorganisms? What did he
see? What type of microscopy did he use?
Robert hooke 1665 mold, light
3 Who was the first to use a microscope to see bacteria? How do we know he saw
bacteria?
Antoni van leuwerisk, pepper water infusions
4 What type of microscopy did he use?
electron
5 What are the four types of light microscopy?
Brightfield Darkfield
Phase contrast fluorescense
6 What must be done to a microorganism to be able to see it with brightfield light
microscopy?
Must cut the cell, stain them as well. This kills the cells
7 Which types of light microscopy allow you to view a live sample?
Phase contrast and darkfield
8 What is the maximum resolution of a compound light microscope? Describe
what that value means in practical terms when viewing a specimen.
.2 this means any two organisms next to each other wont be seen as next
to each other . wont be seen as resolved and distinct
,BIOL 2051 FINAL EXAM 1_UPDATED
9 What are the two types of electron microscopy? When would you use one type
instead of the other?
Transmission—internal Scanning –outside features
details
10 What is the maximum resolution of an electron microscope?
.2-4 nm
11 What is the smallest microbial cell size discovered thus far? Would this cell have
a high or low surface area-to-volume ratio compared to an average eukaryotic
cell?
.2, high surface area to volume
12 What is the significance of a cell having a high surface area-to-volume ratio?
Good for nutrient and waste exchange
13 Discuss the problems a cell might have it were less than 0.2microns.
Wouldn’t have all cell components to live
14 Compare and contrast a prokaryotic microbial cell and eukaryotic microbial cell.
Prok—smaller, no cell organelles, circular DNA, transcription and
translation performed together. Have hopanoids in membrane
Euk—larger, transcription in nucleus and translation in cytoplasm.
Organelles, have sterols in membrane
15 What microorganisms have a phospholipid bilayer form their cytoplasmic
membrane?
Prok and euk—have ester linkages with fatty acids
16 What microorganisms have a lipid monolayer form their cytoplasmic membrane?
Archaea—have ether linkages
17 Contrast the phospholipid bilayer with the lipid monolayer? What molecules
make up each? What are the different linkages characteristic of each?
Bilayer—polysaccharides, ester linkages
, BIOL 2051 FINAL EXAM 1_UPDATED
Monolayer—ether linkages b/t glycerol and hydrophobic side chains
18 What advantage would microorganisms with a lipid monolayer have over those
with a lipid bilayer?
Harder to break single attached molecule than two separate membranes,
heat resistant as well.
19 What are the functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?
Permeablility, energy conservation, transport.
Specific transport mechanisms for nutrients going against concentration
gradient
20 Where is the cell wall located relative to the cytoplasmic membrane?
Outside of membrane
21 What Bacteria lack a cell wall?
Mycoplasma and chlamydia
22 What are most Bacteria cell walls made of?
peptidoglycan
23 The amount of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of Bacteria distinguishes what
types of Bacteria?
Gram pos--thicker
Gram neg—multilayer more complex
24 Describe the peptidoglycan structure.
2 sugars: G and M bonded by a beta-1,4 bond. 4 amino acid crosslink
Repeating N-Acetylglucosamine and N-Acetylmuramic acid subunits with peptide
crosslinks
25 The glycosidic bond between the two N-acetyl-glucose sugars in peptidoglycan
can be cleaved by what enzyme? What is the significance of using that enzyme
to cleave that bond?
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