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Quiz 3 (Chapters 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 19) $5.49   Add to cart

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Quiz 3 (Chapters 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 19)

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This document outlines the chapters you will need to read for quiz 2 in the course. It has all of the necessary information for the chapters listed above. This document outlines the textbook chapter by chapter, heading by heading. It will help you pass the quiz, as not all answers are online.

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  • August 2, 2020
  • 11
  • 2020/2021
  • Textbook notes
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CHAPTER 8
●Good speeches contain relevant, motivating, and audience-centered Supporting material
in the form of examples, narratives, testimony, facts, and statistics
○Essential building blocks
○Arouses the audience’s interest
○Illustrates and elaborates upon your ideas
○Provides the audience with evidence or proof for your arguments
●Use a Variety of Supporting Materials
○Listeners respond most favorably to a variety of materials derived from multiple sources to illustrate each main point
●Consider the Target Audience
○Depending on how the audience feels about a subject, it may be better to use Testimony: facts and expert opinions, rather than personal stories and examples.
○Not every source is appropriate for every audience (bias--no liberal sources for a conservative audience)
●Offer Examples
○Example: a typical instance; a fact, incident, quotation that illustrates a general principle, rule, state of things.
○Don’t get lost in a sea of abstract statements
○Brief Examples
■Offer a single illustration of a point
○Extended Examples
■Offer multifaceted illustrations of the idea, item, or event being described, thereby allowing the speaker to create a more detailed picture for the audience
○Hypothetical examples
■Used to make a point about something that could happen in the future if certain things occurred--what you believe the outcome will be
●Share Stories
○One of the most powerful means of conveying a message and connecting with an audience
○Narratives: tell tales, both real and imaginary, about practically anything under the sun.
■Plot, character, setting, and timeline
○There is a universal appeal of stories
○Personal narratives are stories we tell about ourselves
○Third-person narratives are stories that we tell about others
○Anecdotes: brief stories of meaningful and entertaining incidents based on real life, often the speaker’s own.
■Draw in an audience, command attention, persuade/reinforce thief view of
the speaker
■Contain moral--the lesson the speaker wants to convey
●Draw on Testimony
○Testimony: is firsthand findings, eyewitness accounts, and people's opinions ○Expert Testimony: includes testimony by professionals trained to evaluate a given topic
○Lay Testimony: testimony by nonexperts such as eyewitnesses, which reveals compelling firsthand information that may be unavailable to others.
○Credibility plays a key role in testimony
●Provide Facts and Statistics
○Facts are documented occurrences, truly only facts when they have been independently verified by people other than the source.
○Use Statistics Selectively
■Statistics are quantified evidence that summarizes, compares, and predicts things; clarify complex information and help make abstract concepts or ideas concrete
■Choose a few rather than many that make your message more compelling
○Use Statistics Accurately
■Use Frequencies to indicate counts
●A Frequency is simply a count of the number of times something occurs; indicate size, describe trends, or help listeners understand
comparisons between two or more categories
■Use percentages to express proportion
●Express similarity or difference in magnitude between things (comparisons)
●Defined as the quantified portion of a whole
■Use Types of Averages Accurately
●An Average: describes information according to its typical characteristics
○Present Statistics Ethically
■Use only reliable sources
■Present Statistics in context (method, when, and scope)
■Avoid confusing statistics with absolute truth
■Orally refer to your sources
■Avoid cherry-picking
●Selectively presenting only those statistics that buttress your POV while ignoring competing data
●Popular of politicians
○Use Visual Aids Whenever Possible
●Win Acceptance of your Supporting Materials
○Establish credibility of sources
○Alert listeners to the sources’ qualifications
CHAPTER 9
●Invention: the search for supporting material
●Assess Your Research Needs
○What do you need to elaborate upon?

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