BIOL 235: Assignment 3 (2018): Athabasca University |( 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS, ALREADY GRADED A)
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BIOL 235 (BIOL235)
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Athabasca University (AU
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BIOL 235: Assignment 3 (2018): Athabasca University
Assignment 3: Biology 235: Human Anatomy and Physiology (2018)
Weight: 5%
Minimum Pass Grade: 50%
1. Fill in the words or phrases that best complete each sentence. Be as specific as possible.
a. Erythrocytes contain the enzyme ______, which catal...
biol 235 assignment 3 2018 athabasca university assignment 3 biology 235 human anatomy and physiology 2018 weight 5 minimum pass grade 50 1 fill in the words or phrases that best complet
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BIOL 235: Assignment 3
Each question is worth 10 marks.
1. Fill in the words or phrases that best complete each sentence. Be as specific as possible.
Answer:
a. Erythrocytes contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which catalyzes the conversion of metabolically
produced CO2 and water into carbonic acid.
b. Most old erythrocytes are removed from circulation and destroyed by cells called macrophages, as they
rupture passing through the narrow capillaries of the organ called the spleen.
c. Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside in the bone marrow, where they continuously
divide and differentiate to give rise to each of the types of blood cells.
d. The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary endothelial cells pores to exit the vasculature
is known as emigration or diapedesis. Once they leave the bloodstream to fight a pathological condition,
they never return.
e. The genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the surface of an erythrocyte
are called agglutinogens, and a person with agglutinins that react with type A and blood type B has type
O blood.
f. During embryonic development, ninety-nine percent of the cardiac fibers are specialized for the function
called purkinje fibers, whereas the remainder is specialized for autorhythmic function.
g. The action potential delay at the atrioventricular node ensures that atrial excitation and contraction are
complete before ventricular excitation and contraction commence.
h. The end-systolic volume is the volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed. An
increase of this volume occurs when the stroke volume is at rest.
i. The three cations, K+, Ca2+, and Na+ have an important effect of heart function. Increased blood levels of
Na+ blocks Ca2+ inflow and results in a decrease in the force of contraction, while an excess of K+
blocks the generation of action potentials.
, j. An increase in parasympathetic activity has the following effect on stroke volume: heart rate decrease.
An increase in parasympathetic activity decreases atrial contractility.
2. A patient has the misfortune to have both diabetes insipidus and Addison’s disease.How will those
conditions affect the patient’s ability to regulate blood pressure?
Answer:
Diabetes insipidus associated with deficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin (ADH).
Addison’s disease is associated with inadequate secretion of aldosterone and cortisol from the
adrenal cortex. ADH and aldosterone influence blood pressure ADH causes the kidneys to reabsorb
more water into the blood. More water means more blood volume, which in turn means more blood
pressure. Aldosterone is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway that regulates blood
pressure. Baroreceptors in the kidney detect low blood pressure and signal the kidney to release
more renin. In a series of steps, the increased renin secretion results in conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II. Angiotensins cause peripheral vasoconstriction increasing blood pressure.
Angiotensin II triggers the adrenal cortex to release more aldosterone. Aldosterone causes the
kidneys to reabsorb more Na+. Since water flows Na+, the effect is to increase blood volume and
therefore blood pressure. Aldosterone also increases the secretion of two vasodilating ions: K+ and
H+. Removing those ions limits vasodilation and increases blood pressure. Since the patient does not
have enough ADH or aldosterone, he or she will probably have a difficult time maintaining normal
blood pressure. The patient is likely to have hypotension (a condition in which the arterial BP is
abnormally low) and experience syncope (transient loss of consciousness (and postural tone) with
complete return to consciousness which resolves on its own within seconds to a minute) if he or she
changes position rapidly.
3. In the correct sequence, list the names of the blood vessels and heart’s chambers that an RBC would
travel through (or flow into other vessels) on its journey from the muscles located anterior to the right
tibia to the heart, then to the left shoulder muscles, and then back to the heart. Take in consideration
only the vessels listed in the Study Guide.
Answer:
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