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NURS 3280 Pathophysiology Exam 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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NURS 3280 Pathophysiology Exam 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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NURS 3280 Pathophysiology Exam 1 QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS
Define the stages of an illness - ANSWER Latent period: time between
exposure of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of signs or symptoms
also known as incubation period
Prodromal period: time during which first signs or symptoms appear indicating
onset of disease
Acute clinical course: short-lived, may have severe signs and symptoms
Chronic clinical course: may last months to years, may follow an acute course
What are the stages of Selye's general adaptation syndrome? - ANSWER Alarm
Resistance/Adaptation
Exhaustion
What is the role of catecholamines in Selye's general adaptation syndrome? -
ANSWER Epinephrine: enhances myocardial contractility, increases heart rate,
and increases cardiac output
Norepinephrine: Constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure, reduces
gastric secretions, increases night and far vision (pupil dilation)
Primary prevention and secondary prevention - ANSWER Primary: Altering
susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons Ex: vaccines, exercise,
diet, and education
Secondary: Early detection, screening and management of disease Ex:
colonoscopy, mammogram, self-testicular exam
, Risk factors in disease - ANSWER A factor that when present, increases the
likelihood of disease
Name and define 5 cellular adaptations - ANSWER Atrophy: cells shrink and
reduce their differentiated functions in response to normal and injurious factors
Hypertrophy: increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional
capacity in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic demands
Hyperplasia: increase in functional capacity related to an increase in cell number
because of mitotic division, more cells in the tissue
Metaplasia: replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
Dysplasia: Disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variations in size,
shape, and arrangement
What is hydropic swelling? - ANSWER Cellular swelling because of
accumulation of water, results from the malfunction of sodium-potassium pump
with accumulation of sodium ions within the cell
Compare and contrast apoptosis and necrosis - ANSWER Apoptosis: occurs in
response to injury that does not directly kill the cell Ex: hair loss
Necrosis: usually occurs as a consequence of ischemia or toxic injury
What are the two waste products of cell death? - ANSWER Troponin and lactic
acid
What are the steps in cell death related to ischemia? - ANSWER (1) ischemic
cellular injury, leading to (2) loss of the plasma membrane's ability to maintain
electrochemical gradients, which results in (3) an influx of calcium ions and
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