LETRS Volume 1 Vocabulary Practice
Questions And Answers Updated 2024/2025
Affix - answer✔a morpheme or a meaningful part of a word that is attached before or after a
root to modify its meaning; a category that includes prefixes, suffixes and infixes.
affricate - answer✔a speech sound with features of both a fricative and a stop; in English /ch/
and /j/ are affricates.
affrication - answer✔the pronunciation of /t/ as /ch/ in words such as "nature", and /d/ as /j/ in
words such as "educate".
alphabetic principle - answer✔the principle that letters are used to represent individual
phonemes in the spoken word; a critical insight for beginning reading and spelling.
alphabetic writing system - answer✔a system of symbols that represent each consonant and
vowel sound in a language.
Anglo-Saxon - answer✔Old English, a Germanic language spoken in Britain before the invasion
of the Norman French in 1066.
base word - answer✔a free morpheme, usually of Anglo-Saxon origin, to which affixes can be
added.
bound morpheme - answer✔a meaningful part of a word that makes words only in combination
with other morphemes; includes inflections, roots, prefixes, and derivational suffixes.
chunk - answer✔a group of letters, processed as a unit, that corresponds to a piece of a word,
usually a consonant cluster, rime pattern, syllable or morpheme.
closed sound - answer✔a consonant sound made by using the tongue, teeth, or lips to obstruct
the air as it is pushed through the vocal cavity.
cognate - answer✔a word in one language that shares a common ancestor and common
meanings with a word in another language.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
closed syllable - answer✔a written syllable containing a single vowel letter that ends in one or
more consonant; the vowel sound is short.
cluster - answer✔adjacent consonants that appear before or after a vowel; a consonant blend.
coarticulation - answer✔speaking phonemes together so that the feature of each spreads to
neighboring phonemes and all the segments are joined into one linguistic unit (syllable).
concept - answer✔an idea that links other facts, words, and ideas together into a coherent
whole.
consensus - answer✔agreement in the scientific community on specific truths that have
emanated from a series of studies about a specific problem or issue.
consonant - answer✔a phoneme (speech sound) that is not a vowel and that is formed by
obstructing the flow of air with the teeth, lips or tongue; also called a "closed sound" in some
instructional programs; English has 25 consonant phonemes.
consonant cluster - answer✔adjacent consonants that appear before or after a vowel; a
consonant blend.
consonant digraph - answer✔a two-letter combination that represents one speech sound that
is not represented by either letter alone.
consonant -le syllable - answer✔a written syllable found at the ends of words such as "dawdle",
"single" and "rubble".
context - answer✔the language that surrounds a given word or phrase (linguistic context), or
field of meaningful associations that surrounds a given word or phrase (experiential context).
context processor - answer✔the neural networks that bring background knowledge and
discourse to bear word meanings are processed.
correlational studies - answer✔studies that show the strength of relationship between two or
more variables, but that ordinarily are not sufficient to prove a causal relationship between or
among those variables.
cross-sectional - answer✔a type of study that draws samples of students from different age
groups or grade-level groups.
cumulative instruction - answer✔teaching that proceeds in additive steps, building on what was
previously taught.
decodable text - answer✔text in which a high proportion (i.e. 70-90%) of words comprise
sound-symbol relationships that have already been taught; used to provide practice with
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