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NURS 5315 GI Module 9, exam 5
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Upper GI organs
✓ mouth,pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
Lower GI organs
✓ small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus
Hepatoportal circulation
✓ hepatic artery receives oxygenated blood from the inferior mesenteric,
gastric, and cystic veins. The hepatic portal vein receives
deoxygenated blood from the inferior and superior mesenteric vein
and splenic vein and delivers nutrients that have been absorbed from
the intestinal system
Osmotic diarrhea
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✓ Caused by the presence of a nonabsorbable substance in the
intestines. This pulls water by osmosis into the intestinal lumen and results
in large volume diarrhea. This is how mag citrate, lactulose and miralax
work. Causes include: excessive ingestion of nonabsorbable sugars,
tube feedings, dumping syndrome, malabsorption, pancreatic enzyme
deficiency, bile salt deficiency, small intestine bacterial overgrowth or
celiac disease
Secretory diarrhea
✓ Results in large volume losses secondary to infectious causes such as
rotavirus, bacterial enterotoxins, or c-diff.
Motility diarrhea
✓ AKA short bowel syndrome. Results from resection of small intestine or
surgical bypass of small intestine, IBS, diabetic neuropathy,
hyperthyroidism, and laxative abuse. Fatty stools and bloating are
common in malabsorption syndrome. Complications include:
dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic acidosis, weight loss
and malabsorption.
Upper GI bleed
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✓ bleeding that occurs in the esophagus, stomach or duodenum
commonly caused by bleeding varices, peptic ulcers or Mallory-Weiss
tear(tearing of esophagus from stomach) Characterized by frank,
bright red or coffee ground emesis.
Lower GI bleed
✓ Bleeding in the jejunum, ileum, colon or rectum from inflammatory
bowel disease, cancer, diverticula or hemorrhoids. Hematochezia, or
the presence of bright red blood in the stools, suggest what kind of
bleed
Peptic Ulcer Disease
✓ Is a break in the integrity of the mucosa of the esophagus, stomach or
duodenum resulting in exposure of the tissue to gastric acid. Risk factors
include smoking, advanced age, NSAID use, ETOH, chronic disease,
acute pancreatitis, COPD, obesity, socioeconomic status, gastrinoma,
and infection with Helicobacter pylori. S&S: Epigastric pain is worse with
eating, melena or hematemesis
Duodenal ulcers
✓ most common and tend to develop in younger patients. S&S:
epigastric pain that is relieved by food. Patients may have
melena(black and tarry stool) or hematemesis
Ulcerative colitis (UC)
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