SPHL 6060 exam 1 questions & answers 2024/2025
The two basic assumptions that are inherent in epidemiological studies - ANSWERSDiseases are NOT randomly distributed in populations, Diseases have specific causes that can be identified, prevented, and treated
primary prevention - ANSWERSpreve...
The two basic assumptions that are inherent in epidemiological studies - ANSWERSDiseases are NOT
randomly distributed in populations, Diseases have specific causes that can be identified, prevented, and
treated
primary prevention - ANSWERSprevent the onset of disease
secondary prevention - ANSWERSIdentify and treat asymptomatic persons
tertiary Prevention - ANSWERSInvolves the care of established (clinical) disease
Prevention Approaches - ANSWERSPopulation strategy (public health approach), High risk strategy
(clinical intervention)
Epidemiologic Approach - ANSWERSInitial observation, Definition of the disease process, Descriptive
Epidemiology, Surveillance, Analytical Epidemiology, Experimental Epidemiology
Initial observation - ANSWERSDetection of a notable abnormality
Definition of the disease process - ANSWERSsigns and symptoms
Descriptive epidemiology - ANSWERSDistribution of disease (time, place, person)
Surveillance - ANSWERSOngoing, systematic, collection, analysis, and interpretation of health related
data
Analytical epidemiology - ANSWERSIdentify associations with etiologic factors
, Experimental epidemiology - ANSWERSEvaluation of the effectiveness of intervention and of
preventative and therapeutic programs
Hippocrates - ANSWERSdisease not supernatural (~ 400 BC), Suggests environmental and host factors
(e.g., behaviors) might influence disease occurrence
John Graunt - ANSWERS( London ~1650), Analyzed weekly birth and death reports, Quantified patterns
of disease
James Lind - ANSWERS(~1747), Conclusion "something" (later discovered to be ascorbic acid) in citrus
fruits prevents and treats scurvy
William Farr - ANSWERSAddressed many issues relevant to modern epidemiology including case
definition, using comparison populations, and addressing confounding factors such as age
Host - ANSWERSThe host is an organism, usually a human or animal that harbors the disease
Agent - ANSWERSThe agent is the cause of the disease, multiple agents may be necessary to cause a
disease
Vector - ANSWERSAn insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected
individual or its wastes to a susceptible individual or its food
Vehicle - ANSWERScontaminated inanimate objects
Endemic - ANSWERSThe habitual presence of a disease in an area. The usual level of disease in a
population
Epidemic - ANSWERSThe occurrence of disease in an area that is in excess of the normal expectancy
Pandemic - ANSWERSA worldwide occurrence of disease beyond the normal expectancy
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