SPHL 100 Exam 1 Questions & Answers 2024/2025
Public health - ANSWERSwhat we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy
sanitation and environmental health - ANSWERS- lack of sanitation is serious public health concern
500 BCE- Greeks and Romans ...
Public health - ANSWERSwhat we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which people
can be healthy
sanitation and environmental health - ANSWERS- lack of sanitation is serious public health concern
500 BCE- Greeks and Romans practice community sanitation measures
1840s- The Public Health Act of 1848 was established in the United Kingdom
1970- The Environmental Protection Agency was founded
pandemics - ANSWERS- worldwide spread of a new disease
Influenza- 500 million infected worldwide in 1918
Polio- Vaccine introduced in 1955; eradication initiative launched in 1988
HIV- 34 million living with HIV worldwide; 20% decline in new infections since 2001
preparedness for disaster response - ANSWERSBiologicWarfare: Plague used as a weapon of war during
the Siege of Kaffa
September2001: Public health surveillance conducted after the 9/11 attacks
,Hurricane Katrina: Emergency services, public health surveillance, and disease treatment provided
History of Public Health - ANSWERSPrevention Through Policy
Book of Leviticus: The world's first written health code
Tobacco Laws: Laws banning smoking in public places
Obesity: Food labeling and promotion of physical activity
Public health approach - ANSWERSDefine the health problem- surveillance
Identify risk factors associated with the problem.
Identify / develop and test community-level interventions to control or prevent the cause of the
problem.
Implement interventions to improve the health of the population.
Monitor interventions to assess their effectiveness.
Public health disciplines - ANSWERSEpidemiology
Statistics
Biomedical Sciences
Environmental Health Science
,Social and Behavioral Sciences
Health Policy and Management
Chapter - ANSWERSThis chapter has shown that public health is a broad term that is difficult to define. It
includes
a goal—maximum health for all—as well as the means of attempting to achieve that goal.
Public health is concerned with the prevention of disease and disability. It is aimed at benefiting
the entire population in contrast with medicine, which focuses on the individual.
The functions of public health in a community can be compared with the functions
of a physician in caring for a patient. Public health diagnoses and treats the community's
ills by way of assessment, policy development, and assurance. It relies on the tools of science
and politics. The public health sciences of epidemiology and statistics are applied in
assessing a population's health. Policy is developed based on biomedical sciences, social
and behavioral sciences, environmental health sciences, and the study of the medical care
system. Public health depends on politics for decision making. Decisions on public health
interventions to be taken by the community, insofar as they require government action,
are reached through politics.
Public health focuses on prevention of disease and disability. Preventive measures
can be applied at three levels: Primary prevention aims to prevent a disease or injury from
occurring at all; secondary prevention aims to minimize the damage caused by the illness
or injury-causing event when it occurs; and tertiary prevention seeks to minimize any
ensuing disability by providing medical care and rehabilitation.
Public health prevention programs function through interventions designed to interrupt
the chain of causation that leads to an illness or an injury. Interventions can be directed
toward eliminating or suppressing the agent that causes an illness or injury, strengthening
the resistance of the host to the agent, or changing t
, Chapter - ANSWERSPublic health is controversial because, depending upon how it is defined, it may
challenge
people's values and demand sacrifices. The battle between an expansive and a restrictive
view of public health is ongoing. The expansive view asks people to give up a degree of
personal liberty for the common good.
At its most idealistic, public health is a broad social movement, a campaign to maximize
health for everyone in the population through distributing benefits and responsibilities
in an equitable way. Health is therefore "a political endeavor as much as, or at times
even more than, a medical one."15(p.15)
Public health measures are often controversial because they have an economic impact.
The people or industries that must pay the price may not be the ones that will benefit from
the new protections. Costs are usually more concrete than benefits. Moreover, the price
may need to be paid sooner while the benefit may not be achieved until later.
Public health may be affected by personal and intimate behaviors, which are often
embarrassing and even offensive to discuss. Thus some public health measures are controversial
because they arouse moral or religious objections.
Although there are legitimate differences of opinion on how to weigh competing
interests in making public health policy, concerns were raised that the George W. Bush
administration misused and distorted scientific evidence to pretend that its policies were
based on science when they really were not.
metro map - ANSWERSdifferent metro lines have different life expectancy
public health approach - ANSWERSdifferent than clinical care, not individual, prevention not cure
Core Functions of Public Health - ANSWERSassessment- knowing what needs to be done
policy development- being part of the solution to get it done
assurance- making sure it gets done
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