WGU D027: Advanced Patho pharmacological Foundations
Latest Exam 2024 Accurate Questions with Correct Detailed
Answers (Verified Answers) Graded A+
What are some physical changes from Alzheimer's dementia? - Correct Answer - - Brain
shrinks dramatically; nerve cell death and tissue loss
- Cardinal signs: plaques (abnormal clusters of protein fragments) and tangles (twisted
strands of another protein)
How is Alzheimer's treated? - Correct Answer - - There is no cure, but there are
pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments
- Cholinesterase inhibitors
- Memantine (Namenda)
When is type 1 and type 2 diabetes usually diagnosed? - Correct Answer - - Type 1: at
any age, but often appears during childhood or adolescence
- Type 2: more common, can develop at any age, more common in people over the age
of 40
What are some non-pharmacological treatments for type 2 diabetics? - Correct Answer -
- Nutrition therapy
- Weight loss
- Physical activity
- Blood glucose monitoring
- Decrease stress and depression
What are some pharmacological treatments for diabetes? - Correct Answer - - Oral
antidiabetics
- Insulin
pg. 1
,- Non-insulin medications
What are some examples of short-acting insulin? - Correct Answer - - Humalog (lispro)
- Novolog (apart)
- Aspired (gallisin)
What are some examples of long-acting insulin? - Correct Answer - - Lantus (glargine),
most painful
- Levemir (detemir)
What is metformin? - Correct Answer - - Oral antidiabetic
- Number one for new type 2 diabetics
What is the mechanism of action of metformin? - Correct Answer - - Inhibits glucose in
the liver
- Slightly reduces glucose absorption in the gut and increases glucose uptake
- Does NOT drive insulin down
- Very low risk for hypoglycemia
What is the best blood pressure medication for diabetics? - Correct Answer - - ACE
inhibitors (i.e. captopril)
- Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)
What is diabetic ketoacidosis? - Correct Answer - - A serious complication where the
body produces excess blood acids (ketones)
What are some signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis? - Correct Answer - -
Thirst
- Frequent urination
- Nausea
What could be used to treat patients with chronic migraines? - Correct Answer - - Botox
What medication is prescribed for frequent migraines? - Correct Answer - - Verapamil
What is the first line of treatment for uncomplicated hypertension? - Correct Answer - -
Hydrochlorothiazide with lifestyle changes
What does the ACC recommend to diagnose hypertension? - Correct Answer - - At least
two office measurements on at least two separate occasions
What is some education that you should inform newly diagnosed patients of
hypertension? - Correct Answer - - Weight management
- Salt restriction
- Smoking management
- Adequate management of sleep apnea
- Exercise
When should you take the first dose of antihypertensive medications? - Correct Answer
- - Take at night
- Slow position changes and lay down if hypotension occurs
How does the kidneys regulate blood pressure? - Correct Answer - - Anti-diuretic
hormone (ADH), aldosterone, or renin-angiotensin system (RAS)
- Causes the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood
pg. 3
, What are some antihypertensive medications? - Correct Answer - - Angiotensin-
converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors)
- Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBS)
- Diuretics (usually thiazides)
- Calcium channel blockers (CCB)
- Beta-blockers (BB)
What are some uses for garlic? - Correct Answer - - Reduce levels of triglycerides and
LDL cholesterol
- Raise levels of HDL
- Reduce blood pressure
- Suppress platelet aggregation
- Increase arterial elasticity
- Decrease formation of atherosclerotic plaque
- Antimicrobial and anticancer effects
What are adverse effects of garlic? - Correct Answer - - Bad breath and body odor
- Rarely: heartburn, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
- Potential for GI irritation
What are some interactions that garlic may have? - Correct Answer - - Increase the risk
for bleeding in patients taking antiplatelet drugs of anticoagulants
What is lavender used for? - Correct Answer - - Anxiety
- Stress
- Insomnia
What are some adverse effects of lavender? - Correct Answer - - Constipation
- Headache
- Increased appetite
pg. 4
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