Solutions
1.
a. The relevant population consists of all Americans.
b. The estimates for averages are based on sample data.
2. The value 35 is the estimated average age of the population. It is both costly and
time consuming (likely impossible) to take a census of all video game players
and compute the actual average age.
3.
The population is all students enrolled in the accounting class. The value 3.29
represents the population parameter since we are not choosing a sample but
drawing results from the actual population.
4.
a. The population is all recent college graduates with an engineering degree.
b. No, the average salary is a sample statistic computed from a sample, not the
population.
5.
a. The population is all elderly people. The sample consists of 949 elderly
people.
b. 22% and 17% represent sample statistics.
6.
a. The relevant population consists of all US citizens born in 2019, excluding
non-binary individuals.
b. The averages are computed from the relevant samples.
11-1
, 7. The resulting data about living accommodations and expenses have a well-
defined row-column format, and therefore, are structured. The data are
cross-sectional data.
Note: Data will vary due to the nature of sampling.
8. The data are cross-sectional data.
Note: Data will vary due to the nature of sampling.
9. The data are time series data.
Note: Data will vary depending on the date of retrieval. These data were retrieved
July 2019.
10. The front page of the New York Times website is likely to be textual (written
reports) with multimedia contents (photographs, etc.). The resulting data
are unstructured in that they do not conform to a predefined row-column
format.
11. Data on price and fuel economy of small hybrid vehicles can be specified in a
predefined row-column format, and therefore, are structured.
Note: Data will vary due to the nature of sampling.
12. The data for Under Armour’s annual revenue are structured since they are
specified in a well-defined row-column format. The data are time series data.
Note: Data will vary depending on the date of retrieval. These data were
retrieved July 2019.
13. The resulting data about online social media usage have a well-defined row-
column format, and therefore, are structured. The data are cross-sectional
data.
Note: Data will vary due to the nature of sampling.
14.
a. Numerical; discrete
b. Categorical
c. Numerical; continuous
15.
a. Categorical
b. Numerical; continuous
c. Numerical; discrete
16.
a. Nominal
b. Interval
c. Ordinal
17.
a. Ratio
b. Ordinal
c. Nominal
18.
a. Ratio
b. Interval
c. Ratio
11-3
, 19.
a. Nominal scale; the values differ in name.
b.
Major # of Students
Accounting 4
Economics 4
Finance 4
History 4
Management 5
Psychology 3
Statistics 3
Undecided 3
c. An inspection of the data shows that Management has the highest number of
students whereas Psychology, Statistics, and Undecided have the lowest.
20.
a. Nominal
b. Interval. The observations for Year can be ranked, categorized and measured
when using this kind of scale. However, there is no true zero point so we
cannot calculate meaningful ratios between years.
c. Ratio. This type of scale is the strongest form of measurement. There is a
true zero point which allows for the calculation of meaningful ratios between
observations.
21.
a. The Purchase variable is categorical whereas Income, Age, and Spending
variables are numerical.
b. The measurement scale is nominal for Purchase and ratio for Income, Age,
and Spending. Recall, that the nominal and ratio scales represent the least
and most sophisticated levels of measurement, respectively.
22.
a. The variable Year is measured on the interval scale because the observations
can be ranked, categorized and measured when using this kind of scale.
However, there is no true zero point so we cannot calculate meaningful ratios
between years.
b. The variable Quarter is measured on the nominal scale, even though it
contains numbers. It is the least sophisticated level of measurement because
if we are presented with nominal data, all we can do is categorize or group
the data.
11-4
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