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PCOL 838 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024
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PCOL 838 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024
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PCOL 838 FINAL EXAM 2024ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
QUESTION 1
What are some serious clinical manifestations of diabetes mellitus? - ANSWERS-
diabetic retinopathy
diabetic nephropathy
stroke
cardiovascular disease
diabetic neuropathy
QUESTION 2
What are the Microvascular Disease Complications of Diabetes Mellitus? -
ANSWERS-an increase in protein accumulation in vessel walls, endothelial cell
dysfunction, loss of endothelial cells, and ultimately occlusion (blockage) of
microvessels
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, PCOL 838 FINAL EXAM 2024
QUESTION 3
Describe nephropathy associated with diabetes mellitus. - ANSWERS-The end
results of these changes in the microvasculature is an
increase in protein accumulation in vessel walls, endothelial cell dysfunction, loss
of endothelial cells, and ultimately occlusion of microvessels
QUESTION 4
What is the reactive form of glucose? What does this have to do with A1C? -
ANSWERS-glucose is cyclic
90% is the cyclic form
aldehyde is reactive form
10% of glucose
HIGH GLUCOSE = HIGH ALDEHYDE
A1C is the amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin
QUESTION 5
How do AGE products contribute to A1C levels? - ANSWERS-• The formation of
irreversibly glycated proteins (AGEs) causes
microvascular damage
• High glucose concentrations can react reversibly and
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, PCOL 838 FINAL EXAM 2024
nonenzymatically with protein amino groups to form an unstable intermediate, a
Schiff base, which undergoes an internal rearrangement to form a more stable
glycated protein. The reaction accounts for the formation of HbA1c
• Because RBCs remain in circulation for 120 days, HbA1c levels serves as an
index of glycemic control over the preceding months
QUESTION 6
When you are experiencing hypovolemia or hypotension what is happening to
vasopressin levels? - ANSWERS-when your blood volume is low you are
increasing the amount of vasopressin
QUESTION 7
What are baroreceptors? - ANSWERS-Baroreceptors sense changes in BP from
vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
QUESTION 8
Describe the regulation of growth hormone - ANSWERS-
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, PCOL 838 FINAL EXAM 2024
QUESTION 9
What are the non-clinical uses of growth hormone? - ANSWERS-being used for
looking younger
-low doses used in athletes
-performance enhancing
QUESTION 10
What are the effects of growth hormone? - ANSWERS-
QUESTION 11
What does somatostatin do? - ANSWERS-inhibits GH and TSH
QUESTION 12
What are neurophysins? - ANSWERS-Neurophysins are carrier proteins which
transport the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituitary from the
paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
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