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Bio 1100 Anatomy &Physiology Exam with questions and verified answers (grade A) latest update
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Bio 1100 Anatomy &Physiology Exam with questions and verified answers (grade A) latest update
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Bio 1100 Anatomy &Physiology Exam with questions andverified answers (grade A) latest update
Distinguish the various functions of the skeletal system
- Support
- Storage
- Blood Cell Production
- Protection
- Leverage
Skeletal system function (Support)
- The skeleton acts as a frame to give shape and form to the body.
- It supports us and provides a space for organs and muscles.
- For example, the bones of the lower back and lower limbs are thick and strong to
support your body weight.
Skeletal system function (Storage)
- The matrix stores several important minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
- About 99% of calcium and phosphate is stored in the skeleton. Please remember
that phosphorus is an element. In the body, phosphorus is bound to oxygen to form
an anion called phosphate.
- Hormones control how much calcium is deposited into the bones and what
is removed from the bones for calcium balance in the blood.
- Lipid reserves for energy are found in yellow marrow, which is found in
the medullary cavity in adults.
Calcium in bones
- hydroxyapatite: calcium crystals in a protein matrix in bone
,- calcium in bones is constantly remodeled, change in bone shape during bone
growth from Ca++ deposition/reabsorption
- The human body contains 1200 - 1400g of calcium, and 99% of that is in
bones, the remainder in body cells. Less than 1.5g is in blood
- Calcium is absorbed from the INTESTINE under the control of vitamin D
Skeletal system function (Blood cell Production)
- Red bone marrow makes all the blood cells in a process called hematopoiesis.
- When the blood count drops, red bone marrow starts to become active.
- In adults, red bone marrow is found in flat bones and at the ends of long bones.
Red Blood Cells
Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
White blood cells
White blood cells help the body fight infection and other diseases
Platelets
thrombocytes help with blood clotting
Skeletal system function (Protection)
- Bones surround organs and soft tissues.
- The heart and lungs are enclosed by the ribcage and the brain is enclosed by the
skull.
Skeletal system function (Leverage)
- Muscles move bones as levers, which helps to facilitate body movement.
- An example would be lifting a heavy weight using your legs.
Diaphysis
- Tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone
- shaft of a long bone, composed of compact bone
Epiphysis
,- The wider section at the end of the bone
- the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.
Medullary Cavity
- The hollow region in the shaft of the bone. Also called the marrow cavity
- cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
Endosteum
The lining of the medullary cavity where bone growth, repair, and remodeling
occur
Periosteum
- Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone.
- A fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of the bone
Epiphyseal plate
- Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies
- A layer of hyaline cartilage in a growing bone. Commonly known as the growth
plate.
Osteon
A structural unit of compact bone consisting of a central canal surrounded by
concentric cylindrical lamellae of matrix.
Long Bones
- longer than they are wide
Examples: Humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals,
phalanges
Short Bones
- Cube-like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and
thickness
Examples: carpals of wrists and tarsals of the ankles.
Flat Bones
Flat, and usually thin and curved
, Examples: cranial bones, scapula, sternum, ribs
Irregular Bones
- Does not fit any of the other shapes; is not easily characterized. Often has
many projections and surfaces.
Examples: vertebra, pubis, ilium, ischium, sacrum, and some cranial bones like
those that include sinuses, including maxillae and sphenoid.
Sesamoid Bones
- A small, round bone that, as the name suggests, is shaped like a sesame seed.
These bones form in tendons where a great deal of pressure is generated in a joint.
It is common for humans to have "extra" sesamoid bones in the body - particularly
in hands and feet, especially around the thumbs and toes.
Examples: The patellae (singular = patella) are the only universal sesamoid bones,
which means they are found in every person.
Osseous Tissue
- Connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium
phosphate and other minerals
Osteocytes
- Osteocytes are the most common type of bone cell and the primary cell of
mature bone.
- Each osteocyte is located in a space or chamber called a lacuna.
- They help to maintain the matrix and are trapped in the calcified matrix.
- They also help to remove calcium from bone and to increase blood calcium
levels.
- Canaliculi are small channels that connects osteocytes to one another, for
communication and nutrients.
Bone Matrix
- The extracellular material of bone tissue, including ground
substance and organic collagen fibers. Excludes the inorganic calcium salts.
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