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BIO 171 EXAM 2|190 Questions with Answers
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BIO 171 EXAM 2|190 Questions with Answers
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BIO 171 EXAM 2|190 Questions withAnswers
photosynthesis - -process that converts solar energy into chemical energy
- autotrophs - -producers of the biosphere
- photoautotrophs - -autotrophs that use energy from sunlight to make
organic molecules via photosynthesis
- heterotrophs - -organisms that obtain organic material from consuming all
or parts of other organisms
- cell division - -reproduction of cells: allows for continuity of life; controlled
process resulting in genetically identical daughter cells
- cell cycle - -life of a cell from formation to to its own division
- cells duplicate their genetic material - -before they divide, ensuring that
each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the genetic code
- genome - -all the DNA in a cell
- chromosomes - -what DNA molecules are packaged into, formed by
several levels of coiling around proteins
- chromatin - -combined DNA and protein complex
- sister chromatids - -connected copies of the chromosome
- centromere - -narrow "waist" of the duplicated chromosome, where the
two chromatids are most closely attached
- somatic cells - -typical cells of the body, contain the full genome, the full
set of chromosomes
- gametes - -reproductive cells including sperm and eggs, contain half the
chromosomes in somatic cells
- meiosis - -process that produces gametes (sperm and egg); yields
nonidentical daughter cells
- Interphase - -cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for
cell division
, - Mitotic (M) phase - -mitosis and cytokinesis
- sub phases of Interphase - -G1 phase ("first gap"), S phase ("synthesis"),
G2 phase ("second gap")
- S phase - -only phase where the chromosomes are duplicated
- Mitosis - -division of duplicated chromosomes: prophase, prometaphase,
metaphase, anaphase, telophase
- G2 of interphase - -chromosomes have been duplicated but aren't
condensed; two *centrosomes* have formed that will organize the mitotic
spindle
- mitotic spindle - -a structure made of microtubules that controls
chromosome movement during mitosis
- aster - -a radial array of short microtubules - extends from each
centrosome in the spindle.
- Prophase - -Chromatin is condensed into discrete duplicated chromosomes
that appear as pairs of identical sister chromatids joined at their centromeres
- Prometaphase - -Nuclear envelope fragments. Each of the two sister
chromatids of each duplicated chromosome has a kinetochore protein to
which the microtubules of the spindle attach
- Metaphase - -The chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a
plane equal distance from the two centrosomes
- Anaphase - -Sister chromatids of each pair separate and move towards
opposite centrosomes. The cell elongates as the microtubules not attached
to kinetochores lengthen
- Telophase - -Two daughter nuclei form in the cell. The chromosomes
become less condensed. Spindle microtubules are depolymerized
- cleavage - -process in which cytokinesis occurs in animal cells, forming a
*cleavage furrow*
- cell plate - -formed during cytokinesis in plate cells
- binary fission - -type of cell division in which prokaryotes (bacteria and
archaea) reproduce
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