This document is a detailed overview of general physiology, covering topics such as homeostasis, anatomical and physiological integration, and cellular organization. It explains foundational concepts like metabolism, tissue types, and signal transduction, along with mechanisms like the Na+/K+ pump ...
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,Chapter 1 Homeostasis and Integration：The foundations of Physiology
Introduction
• Characteristics of living things:
– Organize themselves using E and raw materials
from their surroundings (metabolism)
– Maintain integrity (homeostasis)
– Reproduce
Biological Adaptations
• Mechanistic (proximate) explanation
• Emphasizes mechanisms
• Cause-and-effect sequences
• “How does it work?”
• Evolutionary (ultimate) explanation
• Variation and natural selection
• Species must cope with selective pressures
• Adaptations -- beneficial features that
enhance overall survival of the species
• “How did it get to be this way?”
Vestigial Features (features that are no longer in use )
Cost-benefit trade-offs Cost =requires E
Benefit = maintains body temp in the cold
Physiology
• Physiology → integrative discipline
– Interrelated with anatomy, physics, chemistry,
biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics
• Physiology → comparative discipline
– Krogh principle -- for every adaptation, there will
be a particular species in which it is more conveniently studied
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy: structure of body parts and their
relationships to one another
• Physiology: function of the body’s structural
machinery
*Function reflects structure →
Principle of complementarity of structure and
function
, Basic cell functions
• Basic cell functions:
– 1. Self-organization
• Resources from environ to create cell
• E, rxn & enzymes, wastes, synthesis
– 2. Self-regulation*
• Maintaing integrity, exchange of materials, sensitive to changes, repair
– 3. Self-support and movement
• Structure, move materials
– 4. Self-replication
• Reproduce/repair
Tissue
• 1. Epithelial tissue – exchange material
– Sheets vs glands
• Exocrine glands – secrete through ducts to the outside
• Endocrine glands – ductless → blood
• 2. Connective tissue – connects, supports,
anchors
– Loose CT, tendons, bone, blood
• 3. Muscular tissue – contraction/force.
-There are three major muscle types found in the
human body: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
• 4. Nervous tissue - communication
– Brain, spinal cord, internal factors, external env.,
effector organ
8 Necessary Life Functions
• -Maintenance of life involves:
• - Maintaining boundaries (our epidermal layer )
• -Movement (ability to get from place to place, blood
movement)
• -Responsiveness (cells reacting to their environment e.g.
getting sick and your cells responding)
• -Digestion
• -Metabolism (all the chemical reactions occurring within the
body)
• -Excretion (getting rid of waste outside the body)
• -Reproduction (mitosis)
• -Growth
Homeostasis: Maintenance of a consistent internal state
• dynamic (changing) steady state
Negative feedback response
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