,Margin of safety - ANS the difference between the usual effective dose and the dose that
induces severe or life threatening side effects
Rights of drug administration - ANS right patient, right medication, right does, right route of
administration, and right time of delivery
Injection routes - ANS intramuscular, intrathecal, intravenous, subcutaneous
K
intramuscular - ANS drugs given by direct injection into muscle tissue
intrathecal - ANS needle is inserted between to vertebrea in the lower spine an into space
C
around the spinal cord
intravenous - ANS injected directly into the veins
LO
subcutaneous - ANS needle inserted into the fatty tissue just beneath the skin
Bioavailablility - ANS how quickly and how much of a drug reaches its intended target site of
action
YC
Bioequivalent - ANS when drugs contain not only the same active ingredients but also produce
virtually the same blood levels over time
Therapeutic equivalence - ANS production of the same medicinal effects
D
Areas of drug elimination and excretion - ANS Lungs, breast milk, sweat tears urine feces, bile,
saliva, and exhaled air
U
medication error - ANS failure to administer drug in the correct form
Powders - ANS a drug that is dried and ground into fine particles
ST
pills - ANS a single dose unit of medicine made by mixing the powdered drug with liquid such
as syrup and rolling it into a round or oval shape
granules - ANS a small pill usually accompanied usually accompanied by many others
encased within a gelatin capsule; quite often releasing medication over time
tablet - ANS pharmaceutical preparation made by compressing the powdered for of a drug and
bulk filling material under high pressure; commonly used for anti acids and antiflatulents
,Capsules - ANS medication dosage form in which the drug is contained in an external shell;
can be pulled apart for access to contents
sustained release - ANS several doses of a drug in special coatings that dissolve at different
rates
Enteric Coating - ANS dosage in special coating that doesn't digest in the stomach; only starts
to digest in the intestines
caplets - ANS shaped like a capsule but has the form of a tablet the shape and file make
K
swallowing easier
gel caps - ANS an oil based medication that is enclosed in soft gelatin capsule
C
Emulsion - ANS two agents that cannot ordinarily be combined or mixed
LO
otic drugs - ANS control localized infections or inflammation and require very low dosages to
be effective
Types of drug despensing - ANS OTC and prescription
YC
Type A (Augmented) drug reaction - ANS exaggeration of the drug's therapeutic effects
Type B (idiosyncratic) - ANS results from mechanisms that are not currently understood;
largely unpredictable
Type C (continuing or chronic) - ANS These persist for a long time
D
Type D delayed - ANS these take some time to develop
U
Type E end of use - ANS These occur during drug withdrawal
Risk Factors - ANS Use of several drugs, age, Pregnancy and breast feeding
ST
Excipients - ANS inactive ingredients
Parenteral - ANS intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous
Rectal - ANS suppository
Oral - ANS tablet, capsule, liquid
Transdermal - ANS through the skin via creams or patches
, Binders - ANS cement the active and inert components of tablets
Fillers - ANS used to make the drug sufficiently large for easy manufacture and consumption
Glidants(flow enhancers) - ANS added to powdered materials used in pill production to aid
movement through tabletting machinery
suspending/dispersing agents - ANS maintain consistent concentration of the active
ingredients throughout the drug product
K
disintegrants - ANS help break up the tablets int the GI tract
Lubricants - ANS ease the release of the tablets from the dies that stamp them during the
C
manufacturing process
AUC - ANS represents the extent of the drug absorption or the quantity of the drug that
LO
appears in the bloodstream following oral administration
Cmax - ANS peak plasma concentration on a measuring curve
First pass effect - ANS metabolizing process in the liver that suppresses the amount of drug
YC
that eventually reaches the systemic circulation and the site of action
onset of action - ANS the time it takes for a drug to start having any intended affect after it is
administered
Protein Binding - ANS the ability of certain drugs to bind to plasma protein
D
QD - ANS once a day
U
QID - ANS four times a day
PRN - ANS take as needed
ST
TID - ANS three times a day
Tmax - ANS time of peak plasma concentration on a measuring curve
BID - ANS twice a day
Authorized distributor - ANS any distributor of a prescription drug that has a written agreement
with the manufacturers of the prescription drug and conducts at least two transactions with the
manufacturer of the prescription drug within any 24-month period
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