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UVM PSYC 001 Exam 3 With Complete Solution
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UVM PSYC 001 Exam 3 WithComplete Solution
Developmental psych - Answer concerns the physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and
social changes that occur throughout human life, which are guided by both genetic
predispositions (nature) and environmental influences (nurture).
Developmental psychologists explore three questions throughout their careers: -
Answer • Does our development occur gradually over time or in strict stages?
• Do our childhood experiences have a stronger impact than later experiences in life?
• What roles do genetics and the environment play in our development?
Birth to 18 months - Answer Trust versus mistrust The child develops a feeling of trust in
his or her caregivers.
18 months to 3 years - Answer Autonomy versus shame/doubt The child learns what he
or she can and cannot control and develops a sense of free will.
3 to 6 years - Answer Initiative versus guilt The child learns to be independent by
exploring, manipulating, and taking action.
6 to 12 years - Answer Industry versus inferiority The child learns to do things well or
correctly according to standards set by others, particularly in school.
12 to 18 years - Answer Identity versus role confusion The adolescent develops a
well-defined and positive sense of self in relationship to others.
19 to 40 years - Answer Intimacy versus isolation The person develops the ability to give
and receive love and to make long-term commitments.
40 to 65 years - Answer Generativity versus stagnation The person develops an interest
in guiding the development of the next generation, often by becoming a parent.
65 to death - Answer Ego integrity versus despair The person develops acceptance of
his or her life as it was lived.
Conception - Answer occurs when an egg from the mother is fertilized by a sperm from
the father
ovulation - Answer when an ovum, or egg (the largest cell in the human body), which has
been stored in one of the mother's two ovaries, matures and is released into the
fallopian tube.
fertilization - Answer the 23 chromosomes from the egg fuse with the 23 from the sperm
to create a zygote
,embryo - Answer Once the zygote attaches to the wall of the uterus, it is known as
The amniotic sac - Answer the fluid-filled reservoir in which the embryo (soon to be
known as a fetus) lives until birth. it also acts as a cushion against outside pressure and
as a temperature regulator.
The placenta - Answer an organ that allows the exchange of nutrients between the
embryo and the mother, while at the same time filtering out harmful material. The
filtering occurs through a thin membrane that separates the mother's blood from the
blood of the fetus, allowing them to share only the material that can pass through the
filter.
umbilical cord - Answer links the embryo directly to the placenta and transfers all
material to the fetus.
fetus - Answer Beginning in the 9th week after conception, the embryo becomes
Teratogens - Answer include general environmental factors, such as air pollution and
radiation, as well as cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs that the mother may use
survival reflexes - Answer variety of responses to environmental stimuli that appear
from the first day of life, and some start to appear before birth.
schemas - Answer patterns of knowledge in long-term memory—that help them
remember, organize, and respond to information
assimilation - Answer use already developed schemas to understand new information. If
children have learned a schema for horses, then they may call the striped animal they
see at the zoo a horse rather than a zebra. In this case, children fit the existing schema
to the new information and label the new information with the existing knowledge
Accommodation - Answer learning new information, and thus changing the schema.
When a mother says, "No, honey, that's a zebra, not a horse," the child may adapt the
schema to fit the new stimulus, learning that there are different types of four-legged
animals, only one of which is a horse
Sensorimotor - Answer Birth to about 2 years The child experiences the world through
the fundamental senses of seeing, hearing, touching, and tasting. Object permanence
Preoperational - Answer 2 to 7 years Children acquire the ability to internally represent
the world through language and mental imagery. They also start to see the world from
other people's perspectives. Theory of mind; rapid increase in language ability
Concrete operational - Answer 7 to 11 years Children become able to think logically.
They can increasingly perform operations on objects that are only imagined.
Conservation
Formal operational - Answer 11 years to adulthood Adolescents can think
systematically, can reason about abstract concepts, and can understand ethics and
, scientific reasoning. Abstract logic
conservation - Answer the understanding that changes in the form of an object do not
necessarily mean changes in the quantity of the object.
rooting reflec - Answer helps the baby orient to the mothers breast by reacting to a
brush on the cheek by turning the head
moro reflex - Answer caused the baby to open her arms and then close them across her
chest when she is startled to feel like she is falling; and also extends her head and legs
sucking reflex - Answer saves the mother from having to teach her infant how to take
nutrients from her breasts or from a bottle
stepping reflex - Answer shows as a walking motion when the infant is supported in an
upright position and the bottoms of his feet touch the ground
blinking relex - Answer causes the baby to close her eyelids in a protective motion when
you tap on the top of her head
withdrawal reflex - Answer causes the baby to move his legs up toward his head if you
prick him on the bottom of one of his feet with a sharp object
babinski reflex - Answer occurs when you stroke the bottom of an infants foot from heel
to tow and the toes splay out, except for the big tow which moves up as the foot turns
inward
internalized - Answer mental processes take place symbolically in our minds
zone of proximal development - Answer abilities that a child is just starting to be able to
use.
Self-awareness - Answer the realization that he or she is a distinct individual, whose
body, mind and actions are separate from those of other people. At about age 5 months,
infants begin to realize that they exist separately from their caregivers
self-concept - Answer a knowledge representation or schema that contains knowledge
about ourselves, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical
characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist
as individuals.
social comparison - Answer at around age 6 and 7 they begin to evaluate themselves
against their observations of other children
attachment - Answer The emotional bonds we develop with those with whom we feel
closest, and particularly the bonds an infant develops with the mother or primary
caregiver
secure attachment style - Answer child usually explores freely while the mother is
present and engages with the stranger. The child may be upset when the mother
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