NSG 533 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024 EXAM
1
COMPLETE 400 QUESTIONS WITH 100%
DETAILED VERIFIED AND CORRECT
ANSWERS ACTUAL BRAND-NEW EXAM
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What are the three components of carcinogenesis? -
....ANSWER...Initiatio
n Promotion
Progression
Progression - ....ANSWER...Irreversible process resulting
in genotypic and phenotypic change; associated with
tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis
Individual susceptibility to malignant transformation may
be influenced by which factors? -
....ANSWER...Genetic factors
Immune function
Environmental exposure to carcinogens
1
,In oncogenesis, what is invasion? -
....ANSWER...Complex process caused by attachment of
neoplastic cells to the basement membrane and interstitial
stroma
Basal cell carcinoma of skin vs. squamous cell
carcinoma. Which is harder to treat? -
....ANSWER...Basal cell is superficial and extensive yet
may not always involve vascular or lymphatic entry and
therefore easier to treat
What are some tissues resistant to invasion? -
....ANSWER...Cartilage
Tendons
Sclera Arterial
walls Muscle
What are some properties that make tissues resistant to
invasion? - ....ANSWER...Contractility
Density
Antimitotic properties of tissue
Many tumors have begun to metastasize at the time of
detection. What percentage? - ....ANSWER...It is
2
,estimated that 60% of patients with solid tumors have
microscopic or macroscopic metastasis at diagnosis
How does Heterogeneity of tumor affect metastasis?
- ....ANSWER...Each cell within tumor mass is not equal
in metabolic needs, resistance to treatment, etc.
What signaling protein allows for endothelial cells to
migrate to growing tumors?? - ....ANSWER...Tumor
necrosis factor-alpha stimulates migration of endothelial
cells
Which pro-angiogenic growth factor is over expressed in
a wide range of solid tumors? -
....ANSWER...Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Overexpression of what protein in cancer cells breaks
down EC matrix and basement membranes and is
associated with decreased survival -
....ANSWER...Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are
proteolytic enzymes that degrade EC matrix and basement
membrane
Recent data supports hypothesis that cancer cells interact
with____________ to stimulate and release
______. - ....ANSWER...local stromal cells
3
, MMP
Cells not passing through the cell cycle are in which
phase? - ....ANSWER...G0 phase - These cells are
metabolically active but do not divide
Which proteins function together during each cell cycle
checkpoint to insure that each phase of the cell cycle has
been successfully completed -
....ANSWER...Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and
CDK inhibitors
Which phase of the cell cycle is most crucial? -
....ANSWER...G1-S transition is most crucial event in cell
cycle, referred to as the restriction point
4
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