, WGU D441 PHARMACOLOGY EXAM ||
Questions & Answers (Rated A+)
Midazolam (Versed) Indications - ANSWER - -mainly used for moderate sedation
-helps for amnesia /sedation
-helps to reduce anxiety
Route: IV
Temaxepam (Restoril) - ANSWER - -intermediate acting Benzo (induces sleep within 30
mins)
-take 1 hr before bed because it has a long onset of action
Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
NON-BENZODIAZAPINE/MISC Hypnotic - ANSWER - -long term use
-provides a full 8 hrs of sleep
Ramelteon (Rozerem)
NON-BENZO/ MISC Hypnotic - ANSWER - -structurally similar to melatonin (Which
regulates circadian rhythm)
-agonist at melatonin receptors in the CNS
-used as a hypnotic
-used for pts who have trouble sleeping
Contraindications:
-people with severe liver dysfunction
Drug Interactions:
-fluconazole
-ketaconazole
-rifampin
Zolpidem (Ambien)
NON BENZO/MISC Hypnotic - ANSWER - -short-acting non Benzo hypnotic
Adverse Effects:
-somnambulation (sleep walking)
Barbiturates MOA/ INDICATIONS - ANSWER - -Barbiturates are CNS depressants that
act on the brain stem in the area called 'reticular formation'.. they act by reducing the
nerve impulses traveling to the cerebral Cortex
-can also help to treat seizures because it inhibits the GABA neurotransmitters in the
CNS
,INDICATIONS:
-Sedation/ hypnotic
-*the use of these are no longer used for sleep induction*
-ultrashort acting: used for anesthesia for short surgery
-short acting:sedation, seizures
Adverse Effects:
-related to the CNS: lethargy, dizziness, hangover, paradoxical restlessness/anxiety
-these drugs prevent people from REM sleep—> leading to agitation
-when this drug is stopped, rebound phenomenon can happen lead to increased
nightmares
-increased falls in older adults
Barbiturates:
Drug Interactions - ANSWER - -increases drug metabolism which can cause toxicity
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)
And Phenobarbital - ANSWER - Pre-Op sedative
Principles of Drug Reconstitution - ANSWER - -process of adding a liquid dilute
(SOLVENT) to a powdered med (SOLUTE) to make a solution (w med now in liquid
form)
-necessary bc certain meds doesn't stay stable long enough to be distributed in a
solution type of form so its sent in as a powder to be reconstituted with a liquid before
drug administration
-read directions on insert / label: will tell you the type and ain't of solvent to add (ex.
Water, sterile water, saline)
-use syringe and needle to draw solvent-> powdered med
-roll vial between hands to mix (making sure the med dissolves completely in the
solution)
-single dose (discard after admin) multi dose (stored and used later, document)
Pediatric Dosing - ANSWER - - more sensitive than adults and may need to calculate
(wt, ht, physical condition, immature systems, and metabolism)
-make sure abiding by the 6 rights of drug admin
-pediatric doses are often less than 1 mL and require a tuberculin syringe for accurate
dosing
-pediatric meds are calculated using infant or child's Kg weight
, CONVERTING LBS-> KG - ANSWER - 2.2 lb = 1 kg
X Kg= 1 kg/2.2 lb x 24 lb/ 1
Converting grams to kilograms - ANSWER - 1000 g = 1 KG
X kg = 1 kg/1000g x 2300 g / 1
Calculating safe dose range pediatric with given wt - ANSWER - Example (DA version)
1. Convert wt in lb->kg
2. Note the recommended dose range
3. Calculate the minimum dose first:
Xmg/dose=10mg/kg/dose X 1 kg/2.2lb x 22lb/1
4. Calculate maximum dose:
X mg/dose= 15mg/kg/dose X 1kg/2.2lb x 22lb/1
5. Child may receive #-# mg of med as a single dose
Obstetric Nursing - ANSWER - came from the word "obstetric" means "midwife".
-commonly used IV meds to prevent seizures in pregnant woman (Mg Sulfatem CNS
depressant)
CNS Depressants
Function - ANSWER - -promote relaxation
-relieve anxiety
-help or induce sleep
-moderate sedation (before and during invasive procedures like colonoscopies
Long acting: clonazepam (Klonopin), Diazeopam (Valium), Flurazepam (Dalmane)
MOA:
-enhances the GABA effect of the CNS which is what promotes the sedation effect
Contraindications;
Benzodiazapines can induce daytime sleeping in few cases so to reduce that possibility,
Zolpidem is prescribed (non-benzo). Zolpidem is known to cause sleep walking
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller conceptialresearchers. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $14.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
