PHAR 100 Exam Questions
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Drugs - Answers -✔✔ substances other than food that change the structure or function
of the body or mind. Any substance received by a biological system that is not received
for nutritive purposes.
Pharmacology - Answers -✔✔ study of drugs/ the science of drugs
historical influences on pharmacology - Answers -✔✔ 1. ancient civilizations
2. poisons
3. religion
Ancient Chinese role in pharmacology - Answers -✔✔ earliest recorded drug
experiments come from China in 2700 BC. Drugs classified according to taste
Ancient Egyptian influence on pharmacology - Answers -✔✔ history recorded on
papyri. The Ebers Papyrus (1500 BCE) was a textbook of drug use for medical students
Ebers Papyrus - Answers -✔✔ An Egyptian document, dated approximately 1500 B.C.,
containing more than eight hundred prescriptions for common ailments and diseases
Shen Nung - Answers -✔✔ Father of Chinese Medicine, emperor who classified all
drugs according to taste
Ancient Greek influence on pharmacology - Answers -✔✔ 380 BCE, Theophrastus
wrote a textbook on therapeutics
- includes detailed information on opium
- obtained this material from the opium poppy
Theophrastus - Answers -✔✔ Third century BC Greek philosopher and naturalist.
Wrote a textbook on therapeutics including information on opium
Aristotle - Answers -✔✔ A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a
famous school, studied with Plato. Taught Theophrastus
Opium - Answers -✔✔ substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic
drugs are derived
,The influence of religion on pharmacology - Answers -✔✔ Medicine men acted as both
physicians and priests. plants containing Intoxicating substances were used to alter the
state of consciousness and facilitate communication with their gods. Therapy heavily
influenced by religion and magic.
Mescaline - Answers -✔✔ natural hallucinogen derived from the peyote cactus buttons.
Causes hallucinations, a feeling of well-being, and distortion of perception (similar to
effects of LSD)
LSD - Answers -✔✔ a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid
diethylamide). Causes hallucinations, a feeling of well-being and distortion of
perception. Synthesis based on structure of ergot alkaloids
The influence of poisons on pharmacology - Answers -✔✔ According to the 16th c.
Swiss physician Paracelsus, "All substances are poisons, there is none which is not a
poison"
Curare - Answers -✔✔ Used by indigenous people of the amazon, arrows dipped in it.
Acts upon voluntary muscles causing paralysis and death.
Eventually used by anesthetists during surgery, a small dose given to relax muscles
facilitating surgeon's work
Ergot poisoning symptoms - Answers -✔✔ restricted blood flow to limbs (limbs become
black and die off), hallucinogenic, mental frenzy, violent contractions of the uterus (small
amount could be useful in hastening labour)
two active principles isolated for drug use
migraines - Answers -✔✔ intense headaches, typically perceived from one half of the
head, that recur regularly and can be difficult to treat. May be caused by pulsation of
arterial blood vessels to the head.
drug? ergotamine
zinc oxide - Answers -✔✔ ZnO, considered of great importance in ancient therapies,
still found in a number of topical creams today (diaper rash creams)
Modern sources of drugs - Answers -✔✔ synthetic chemical compounds and plant
sources (active substance purified and modified to make it less toxic or more effective)
Drugs discovered in the 19th century - Answers -✔✔ Nitrous Oxide -> laughing gas,
acts on the brain
Ether -> an anaesthetic, acts on the brain
,Drugs discovered in the 20th century - Answers -✔✔ reserpine -> reduces anxiety, acts
on the brain
LSD -> from ergot, a hallucinogen, acts on the brain
Organoarsenicals -> selectively bind to parasites (act against infectious disease)
Sulfa Drugs -> first successful drug for treatment of bacterial disease
Penicillin -> first antibiotic
Streptomycin -> different kind of antibiotic, important in treatment of TB
Chlropromazine - Answers -✔✔ Thorazine, preferred to reserpine for management of
mentally ill patients. Easier to determine correct effective dose. A synthetic anti anxiety
drug
Rauwolfia plant - Answers -✔✔ a plant long used in indian medicine to reduce tension
and anxiety and to lower blood pressure. 1950s, active agent Reserpine extracted
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) - Answers -✔✔ hallucinogenic or "psychedelic" drug
that produces hallucinations and delusions similar to those occurring in a psychotic
state. Discovered by Albert Hoffman.
Albert Hofmann - Answers -✔✔ a Swiss scientist known best for being the first person
to synthesize, ingest and learn of the psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide
(LSD). Tried to synthesize improved pharmaceutical products based on the components
of ergot. Similar in chemical structure to ergotamine and ergonovine
anaesthetics - Answers -✔✔ Drugs that make the body unable to feel pain.
Nitrous Oxide and ether.
Nitrous Oxide - Answers -✔✔ N2O, discovered in the early 1840s
- laughing gas
laughing gas - Answers -✔✔ N2O, an anaesthetic, shown in public demonstrations in
1800s, later used by dentists
Ether Anesthesia - Answers -✔✔ practised by Morton
Organoarsenicals - Answers -✔✔ 1900s, Designed by Paul Ehrlich
- complexes of organic molecules and arsenic
- selectively bound to parasites
- used in cure for syphilis in early 20th c.
, Paul Ehrlich - Answers -✔✔ Discovered first cure for syphilis. Designed
Organoarsenicals
Syphilis - Answers -✔✔ an STD that attacks many parts of the body and is caused by a
small bacterium called a spirochete. Cured with Organoarsenicals
Sulfa Drugs - Answers -✔✔ 1930s, introduced by Gerhard Domagk
- first successful synthetic drugs for the treatment of bacterial disease
- termed antibacterial compounds
Gerhard Domagk - Answers -✔✔ discovered sulfa drugs
Penicillin - Answers -✔✔ 1940s, Alexander Fleming
- the first antibiotic
- introduced to modern medicine during WWII
Alexander Fleming - Answers -✔✔ discovered penicillin
Selman Waksman - Answers -✔✔ discovered streptomycin
tuberculosis - Answers -✔✔ An infectious disease that may affect almost all tissues of
the body, especially the lungs. Treated with streptomycin.
ephedrine - Answers -✔✔ found in herbs such as ma huang; used to treat asthma, and
a derivative of this drug is a decongestant
Ma Huang - Answers -✔✔ a medium drug in ancient chinese medicine
- used for coughs, influenza and fever
Senna purgatives - Answers -✔✔ stimulant laxative, Recommended for use in the
Ebers Papyrus.
Initial Steps of a Clinical Trial - Answers -✔✔ 1. submit proof of the safety and efficacy
of the drug in 3+ animal species to the government regulatory agency in the country
concerned
2. the methodology of the proposed clinical trial in humans is needed
3. the submission is examined by qualified scientists in the regulatory agency
5-30 compounds make it to this stage
Health Protection branch - Answers -✔✔ The Canadian government regulatory agency
which receives proposals for clinical drug trials
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - Answers -✔✔ a federal agency charged with
enforcing regulations against selling and distributing adulterated, misbranded, or
