PHAR 100 Exam Questions
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What 3 civilizations were mentioned in the module about the history of drugs and what
drug was associated with them? - Answers -✔✔ Ancient Greece (opium and codeine),
Ancient China (ma Huang), and Ancient Egypt (purgatives)
What poisons were mentioned in the module? - Answers -✔✔ Curare and Ergot
What is peyote? - Answers -✔✔ Peyote is a small, spineless cactus, and has a
mescaline which causes halluciantions
Who invented complexes of arsenic and organic molecules which later led to the cure
for Syplihlis in 1900s - Answers -✔✔ Paul Ehrlich
who introduced sulfa drugs in 1930s - Answers -✔✔ Gerhard Domagk
Who created penicillin in 1940s - Answers -✔✔ Alexander Fleming
Who created streptomycin in 1950s - Answers -✔✔ Selman Waksman
What are the 5 steps of drug development - Answers -✔✔ Basic research, Preclinical
trials, Clinical trials, Health Canada review and manufacturing, and post market
surveillance and phase IV clinical trial
What 2 parts are in basic research and drug discovery - Answers -✔✔ Identification of
target, and studying the target
What are the 2 types of preclinical trials - Answers -✔✔ Toxicology studies, and
pharmacology studies
What 3 things are a part of clinical trials? - Answers -✔✔ Proof of safety, Methodology,
and investigation
What are the 3 pahses of clinical trials - Answers -✔✔ Phase 1 - lookds at ADME in
small group
Phase 2 - looks at patients to see effects in medium sized group
Phase 3 - RCT with 1000's of people
,What is a gold standard drug? - Answers -✔✔ A drug which is the current treatment for
a condition
Why is it safe to take a drug which was just rebranded? - Answers -✔✔ The rebrand
drug and original must be bioequivalent which basically means the same. The only thing
that changes is the name.
Why are post-market surveillance and phase IV clinical trials so important - Answers -
✔✔ Helps identify and new side effects specific to certain people.
What are drug targets? - Answers -✔✔ Usually receptors and drug goes towards this
thing to produce an effect as either an agonist or antagonist
What is an agonist? - Answers -✔✔ It is a drug that is capable of binding to, and
activating, a receptor
What is an antagonist? - Answers -✔✔ They block the action of an agonist getting to
the receptor to elicit a response, therefore no response is made
What is the efficacy of a drug? - Answers -✔✔ the maximal response produced by the
drug
How is efficacy different from potency? - Answers -✔✔ Potency is the amount of a
substance needed to give a response, while efficacy is the max response
What is ED50? - Answers -✔✔ effective dose for 50% of the population
What has a greater efficacy, morphine or aspirin? - Answers -✔✔ Morphine since it has
a higher maximum effect
What is the therapeutic range? - Answers -✔✔ The range where the drug is above the
minimum concentration for an effect but below the maximum which would produce a
toxic effect
What is ADME - Answers -✔✔ absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
What are the 3 different ways for administration of a drug? - Answers -✔✔ Topically,
enterally, and parenteral administration
What are ways medication is applied topically? - Answers -✔✔ Examples would be
skin or inhaled
How is medication applied enterally? - Answers -✔✔ Has to go through GI tract. Mouth,
rectum, sublingual and buccal
, What is the first pass effect? - Answers -✔✔ After oral administration, many drugs are
absorbed intact from the small intestine and transported first via the portal system to the
liver, where they undergo extensive metabolism, therefore usually decreasing the
bioavailability of certain oral medications.
Why is oral medication so common? - Answers -✔✔ Cheap , easy and non invasive
How are drugs parenterally administered? - Answers -✔✔ IV, IM, or subcutaneous
injections
What is bioavailability? - Answers -✔✔ Fraction of administered drug that reaches
systemic circulation unchanged.
Why is IV 100% bioavailable? - Answers -✔✔ Since it enters the blood stream directly
What are 3 different ways a drug is abosrbed? - Answers -✔✔ Diffusion through
aqueous pores, diffusion through lipids, active or carrier mediated transport
How can the distribution of a drug cause termination of therapeutic effects? - Answers -
✔✔ If the drug is in high concentration at the receptor but low concentration elsewhere,
it can redistribute elsewhere terminating therapeutic effects
What are metabolites? - Answers -✔✔ The product of metabolism
How are metabolites removed? (2 steps) - Answers -✔✔ Phase 1 adds or unmasks a
functional group and gets it ready to add a large water soluble molecule. Phase 2 adds
that molecules allowing the kidney to excrete it.
How are drug excreted? - Answers -✔✔ Can be done though urine, feces, some are
breathed out, and sometimes saliva and sweat.
What 5 things cause a variation in drug reponse? - Answers -✔✔ Genetics,
environment, drug drug interactions, diseases states, altered physiological states
What is an adverse effect of drugs? - Answers -✔✔ Things which was not intended to
be caused by the drug, like allergies, withdrawal or addiction.
What factors affect whether adverse effects be predicted? - Answers -✔✔ Rarity,
length of usage, not detectable in animals, time period specificity
What is the therapeutic index? - Answers -✔✔ TD50/ED50 and the higher the number,
the safer the drug, and the lower the number the riskier
