Why was zinc oxide an important compound - Answers -✔✔ currently found in topical
creams (i.e. calamine)
What did ancient greece, egypt, and china contribute - Answers -✔✔ greece - opium -
codeine + morphine
egypt - senna, purgatives
china - ephedrine (asthma)
What is Curare's function as a poison + pharmaceutical - Answers -✔✔ poison =
paralysis/death, drug = anesthesia
What is Ergot's function as a poison + pharmaceutical - Answers -✔✔ poison = mental
frenzy, burning limbs, uterus contraction
pharm = ergotamine: treats migraines, ergonovine: arrests uterine bleeding after
childbirth
What did Paul Ehrlich design - Answers -✔✔ organoarsenicals - binds to parasites =
cure for syphillis
Name 9 basic drug development steps - Answers -✔✔ 1- drug discovery
2- pre-clinical
3- clinical trial: initial steps
4- phase 1: young healthy people
5- phase 2: people affected by disesase (~500 ppl)
6- phase 3: people affected by disease (1000+)
7- Health Canda review
8- Manufacturing
9 - Phase 4: tests over long period/taken concurrently w/ other drugs
Name 6 advertising techniques - Answers -✔✔ -before/after
-fear
-offer an easy solution
, -attention catching
-celeb endorsement
-discredit other manufacturers
Name 3 drug targets - Answers -✔✔ -receptors
-chemical rxn
-physical/chemical forces
Explain ED50 - Answers -✔✔ The dose that gives 50% of max. response
What are factors that contribute to the removal of the drug from the body - Answers -
✔✔ Excretion: kidney (80%+ of drugs), must be water soluble (conversion needed)
Biotransformation in liver, metabolism, feces (GI tract), saliva, sweat, milk,
Define efficacy - Answers -✔✔ the max pharmacological response that can be
produced by a specific drug in that bio system
Define potency - Answers -✔✔ The dose of a drug required to produce a certain
response (usually 50% of max)
Define therapeutic range - Answers -✔✔ range of doses that keep [blood] of a drug
above the [minimum] to produce desirable response, but below the [toxic response]
What are the 4 major processes of pharmacokinetics - Answers -✔✔ 1-absorption
2-distribution
3-metabolism
4-excretion
Name 3 general main routes of administration - Answers -✔✔ 1. Topical
2. Enteral admin (enter blood through GI tract)
3. Parental admin (injected into bloodstream)
What are the 3 topical administration methods - Answers -✔✔ 1. on skin
2. through skin (transdermal)
3. inhalation (rapidly absorbed by lungs)
What are the 3 enteral administration methods - Answers -✔✔ 1. mouth: most
convenient, least expensive
2. rectum: systemic or local, bypasses stomach/liver enzymes
3. sublingual/buccal: under tongue/cheek
Explain biotransformation - Answers -✔✔ liver contains enzymes that are able to
convert drugs + other chemicals to water soluble products to be excreted in the urine -
usually results in inactivation
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