Name some of the equipment involved in esterification
condenser, fractionating column, measuring cylinder, boiling chips, plastic tubing,
heating plate, separatory funnel, retort stand and clamp
Describe the process of esterifcation
1. Alcohol, acid and boiling chips in a round bottom flask
2. Add fractionating column and round bottom flask to retort stand with clamp
3. add heating mantle and plastic tubing
4. heat mixture for 30 minutes then let cool
5. pour mixture into a separatory funnel and add distilled water (to dissolve polar
substances)
6. open tap to discard lower aqueous layer (water, sulfuric acid, short carboxylic acid)
7. add sodium carbonate into funnel to react with carboxylic acid and allow gas to leave
8. add distilled water and discard bottom layer by opening the tap
Explain reflux and its purpose in esterification
Reflux refers to a technique where a substance or mixture is heated in equipment where
a cooling condenser is attached. it allows volatile or gaseous species to cool back to
liquids and return to the mixture, to ensure products/reactants are not lost to
surroundings
How to ensure reliability & accuracy of experiment
repeated at least 3 times with same observations,
properties of esters can be researched to make it more accurate
Experimental setup of esterification
Why can't you close the top of the flask when boiling alcohol + acid
organic compounds are volatile and it would create a buildup of gases which can shatter
and explode (safety risk)
How to convert an alkene to alcohol
hydration with water (g) in the presence of concentrated H3PO4 or H2SO4 catalyst and
heat
How to convert an alkene to alkane (same with alkynes to alkenes)
Addition reaction with hydrogen (H2) with transition metal catalyst (pt or nickel)
Primary alcohols oxidise to?
aldehydes (heat gently) then carboxylic acids (heat)
Secondary alcohols oxidise to?
ketones
Why can't tertiary alcohols be oxidised?
Oxidation only occurs when the Carbon bonded to the OH is ALSO BONDED TO AT
LEAST 1 HYDROGEN, tertiary alcohols don't have this trait and so cannot be oxidised.
difference between amine and amide
, Both are -NH2 groups bonded to alkyl chains but AMIDES are directly bonded to a
carbon with a double bond to an oxygen (C=O)
Amides are the product of the reaction between an amine and a carboxylic acid
derivative. i.e a NH2 group has replaced the -OH group of the carboxylic acid
Amines are molecules with an amino group
How to produce an amine
substitution with haloalkane in the presence of conc. NH3, ethanol, heat
alkane to haloalkane conditions
Halogen, UV light
What type of reaction requires acidified dichromate or permanganate
oxidation of alcohols --> aldehyde --> carboxylic acids
what type of reaction requires NaOH or KOH and heat
haloalkane --> alkene
what type of reaction requires NaOH or KOH or water and catalyst
haloalkane --> alcohol
How can alkynes form ketones/aldehydes
hydration with dilute H2SO4, water, mercury catalyst
aldehyde --> heat and gently distill
Which types of reactions require concentrated H2SO4
condensation --> water molecule removed
Name some condensation polymers
polyester, polyamine, nylon
How can alcohols be made
The hydration of alkenes, or the fermentation of sugar
What shapes are alkanes in
tetrahedral
what shape are alkenes in
trigonal planar
what shape are akynes in
linear
which molecule shapes tend to have more packing?
small, symmetrical, unbranched molecules tend to be able to pack closer together,
resulting in stronger intermolecular forces hence have higher BP/MP
what is melting point affected by
strength of dispersion forces, size and shape of molecule
Name the different ways that alcohols can be produced.
- addition (hydration)
- substitution (of haloalkanes) (occurs with OH- ion, NaOH or KOH or water, but occurs
very slowly)
- fermentation of glucose
what is crude oil
a non-renewable mixture of compounds made from dead sea creatures
what are the problems with using petroleum
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