Class notes
NURS 1710 Chapter 32 Notes
- Course
- 1710 Fundamentals Of Nursing
- Institution
- Nashville State Community College
This is a comprehensive and detailed note on Chapter 32; Oxygenation. *An Essential Study Material!!
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CHAPTER 32: OXYGENATIONStudy Guide
*ANY condition that affects cardiopulmonary functioning, directly affects the ability of your whole
body to meet oxygen demands.
● Ineffective gas exchange= problem with the lungs
● Ineffective pump= problem with the heart
^ could be both (leads to poor oxygenation)
Cardiopulmonary Function: take oxygen into the body, that oxygen then circulated around to the
tissue to keep them perfused, then remove carbon dioxide (waste product)
Exchange: I give you oxygen, you take away carbon dioxide
● Ventilation diffusion (lungs): movement of air in and out of lungs (deep breath in, deep
breath out)
● Diffusion: movement of gasses between alveoli and the bloodstream (exchange area,
take oxygen that is in alveoli and say “alright bloodstream, what you got?” Blood stream
has carbon dioxide and they switch so you can exhale it)
● Respiration: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism (not
the same thing as diffusion)
● Perfusion (heart): transport of oxygenated blood to the cells and tissues via
bloodstream (how we perfuse our body) (need
an effective heart to do this)
Anatomy & Physiology Pulmonary System:
● Trachea
● Right & Left main stem bronchus
● ^Break into bronchioles
● End in alveoli (exchange unit via capillaries
around alveoli)
*Left lung has 2 lobes, Right lung has 3 (Left
has less)
Ventilation
● Depends on neuroreceptors ( are they intact?)
● Chemoreceptors ( are they intact?)
^ present in lungs & CNS in order for
ventilation to occur
● Muscles support inspiration & exhalation (don’t
have supportive intercostal muscles, don’t
have intact diaphragm, back muscles, ab
muscles, ect)
(atrophy to muscles=not good ventilation)
, ● Compliance: elasticity of lungs (no longer elastic= can’t expand = won’t have good
exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide, oxygen won’t be able to make its way down to
alveoli)
Lung Volumes:
● Tidal: amount of air that's exhaled after a normal inspiration (Normal Breathing,
whatever volume you exhale)
● Residual: amount of air that's leftover in alveoli after a full expiration (after done
exhaling, whatever is left in there, like what leftover at bottom of drink that you can’t
suck up with straw, not coming out)
● Forced Vital Capacity FVC: maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs
after a forced exhale ( how much you can push out)
Oxygen Transport:
● Delivery of oxygen to the cells and tissue depend on:
1. the amount of oxygen that comes into the lungs from atmosphere,
2. ability to exchanges gases in alveoli,
3. ability of heart to pump oxygenated blood to those cells and tissues
● Ventilation is what allows to us move oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the
lungs, allows us to give oxygen to the bloodstream in order to make sure that we can
perfused our body
● Once oxygen reaches the alveoli capillary membrane, diffusion occurs.
^ thickness of alveolar capillary membrane will affect diffusion (gas exchange will take
longer to transport across the thicker the membrane is)
Thickening of membrane = oxygenation issues
1. Oxygen crosses alveoli capillary membrane through diffusion
2. Dissolved in plasma ( Low plasma levels =give plasma transfusion)
3. Moves into red blood cells (RBC)
4. Oxygen then binds with hemoglobin (hemoglobin transports most oxygen) (serves as
carrier for both oxygen & carbon dioxide)
^ when combined makes oxyhemoglobin -easily reversible ( can put together and take
apart w no issue to allow for an easier exchange)
● Don’t have enough oxygen, hemoglobin, or they can’t bind easily =issues with
oxygenation
Carbon Dioxide Transport: [ Read p.867] *Watch a YouTube video
● Blood carries carbon dioxide 3 ways:
1. Dissolved in plasma
2. As carbamino compounds
3. As bicarbonate
● At capillary level, majority of carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the plasma,
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