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Massachusetts Pesticide test|445 Questions and Answers Distinction Graded
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Massachusetts Pesticide test|445Questions and Answers Distinction
Graded
Chronic health effect - -Problems that develop over a relatively long period
of time, following either one significant exposure that initiates a problem, or
following a series of small exposures which accumulate in some manner and
result in a development of a disease or disorder
- acute toxicity - -Poisoning from a single dose over a much shorter duration
of time
- How soon do health effects occur from accrue toxicity? - -Within 24 hours
of exposure
- Chronic health risk problems (major examples) - -Mutagenicity,
oncogenicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, neurotoxicity
- Mutagenicity - -Ability of a substance or agent to cause mutations to
genes or chromosomes
- Changes from mutagenicity are... - -Almost always harmful
- Tests to detect mutagenicity - -Varied. Tests on cells to tests on whole
animals
- It's believed that chemicals that cause mutations are more likely to be
ones that can also cause... - -Cancers
- Why is mutation testing used as a first screen for new compounds? - -
Faster and cheaper than animal lifetime testing
- Oncogenicity - -The ability of a chemical to cause abnormal growths or
tumors in tissues
- Carcinogenicity - -Ability of a substance or agent to cause malignant
tumors
- How do they test chemicals for their ability to cause tumors - -
Administering daily doses to animals for their entire lifetime and then
dissecting them to detect presence of tumors in the animals tissues
- A rodent carcinogenicity study takes how long typically? - -2-3 years
, - Pesticide companies are required to submit test data on oncogenicity
from.... - -Several animal species
- There are currently how many pesticide active ingredients considered
known, likely, or probable carcinogens - -Over 70
- MDAR - -Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources
- Act to protect children and families from harmful pesticides - -Passed in
2000. Pesticide products that contain carcinogens may not be used in or
around schools, daycares, or after school programs
- Teratogenicity - -Ability of a substance to cause abnormal growth or
deformity in developing fetuses (birth defects)
- How is teratogenicity tested - -Administering doses of chemical to female
test animals at various stages of pregnancies and observing number of
miscarriages and defective offspring verses what would normally be
expected
- Examples of animals used to test teratogenicity - -Rodents, rabbits, dogs,
monkeys
- Effects of chemicals are usually considered significant for teratogenicity
if... - -They occur at doses not toxic by themselves to the mother
- Testing for teratogenicity is standard part of pesticide registration although
___________ May exist for older chemicals - -Data gaps
- Neurotoxicity - -Gradual damage to basic nerve structure. Does not refer
to reversible effects
- Test animal for neurotoxicity - -Chicken
- Hepatoxicity - -Damage to liver
- Nephrotoxicity - -damage to the kidneys
- Immunotoxicity - -Compromise immune system
- Fetotoxicity - -Direct toxic injury or death of fetus
- Hemotoxic effects - -Blood disorders
, - Cholinesterases - -Enzymes found in humans, insects, and other species
that are necessary for normal function of the nervous system
- What kind of insecticides can block or inhibit cholinesterases - -
Organophosphates, carbamates
- How much exposure to cholinesterase blocking pesticides does it take to
make you feel sick - -Depends on type of product, potency of active
ingredient, amount of exposure, whether you're handling concentrated or
diluted mixture
- Effects of exposure to cholinesterase blocking pesticides - -May range
from no observable effects to severe illnesses or symptoms requiring
hospitalization. Severe poisoning can lead to coma or death
- When do symptoms occur after exposure to cholinesterase blocking
pesticides - -Anywhere from time of exposure to 12 hours
- Symptoms of acute poisoning from cholinesterase blocking pesticides - -
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tightness in chest, excessive sweating, rapid
heartbeat, cramps, restlessness, headache, confusion
- Poisoning from organophosphates or carbamates can resemble... - -
Drunkenness, head cold, flu
- Why monitor cholinesterase levels - -To establish a baseline for normal
activity and be alerted to any drop in enzyme levels before they reach values
low enough to make you sick. Changes can be detected in absence of
symptoms. Workers can be removed from exposure before symptoms occur
- Natural recovery from cholinesterase blocking pesticides exposure
normally occurs... - -When exposure stops
- Who should have their cholinesterase levels monitored? - -People who
regularly use organophosphates and carbamates
- What should you do if you are inadvertently exposed to cholinesterase
blocking pesticides - -Remove contaminated clothing. Wash area well with
soap and water. Contact physician immediately
- How can pesticide exposure effect honey bees - -Disorientation that can
effect how well a bee can navigate, forage for food, and return to colony
safely
- What are the main contributing factors leading to bee poisoning problems -
-Bloom, toxicity of the pesticide to bees, residual action, formulation, drift of
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