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NURS2019 Week 5 Exam Latest Update
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NURS2019 Week 5 Exam Latest UpdateNERVOUS SYSTEM - Answer - Main role = maintain homeostasis in body
- Responds rapidly to stimuli through nerve impulses
- Responsible for behaviours, perceptions, memories
- PNS = all neurons outside brain + spinal cord
o Afferent Neurons = send messages body to CNS
o Efferent Neurons = send messages CNS to body
- ANS = sends messages from PNS to body through sympathetic & parasympathetic
branches
NERVOUS TISSUE - Answer - Made up of neurons & neuroglia
- Neurons = function units of nervous system (transmit electrical impulses & detect
environmental/internal changes to body)
- Sensory Neurons = transmit signals from peripheral sensory receptors to CNS
- Inter Neurons = relay messages between sensory & motor neurons
- Motor Neurons = transmit messages from CNS to rest of body
NEUROTRANSMITTERS - Answer - Relay, amplify & modulate signals over the synapse
between two neurons
- PNS = acetylcholine, adrenaline, noradrenaline
- CNS = dopamine, serotonin, GABA
COMPONENTS OF THE SKULL - Answer - 80% brain tissue, 10% blood, 10% CSF
- CSF = clear fluid that circulates through subarachnoid space around brain & SC - acts
as a cushion/shock absorber & delivers nutrients to CNS + removes some waste
THE BRAIN - Answer - Uses glucose for energy - doesn't store extra supplies so needs
constant supply O2 & glucose
- Capable of autoregulation if optimal blood flow through cerebral vessels is maintained
CEREBRAL SWELLING + OEDEMA - MONROE KELLIE HYPOTHESIS - Answer - Cerebral
cavity has fixed volume of brain tissue, blood & CSF
- Any increase in one constituent means there needs to be a decrease in another to
compensate
, - Only CSF & blood can change in volume, brain tissue cannot
- If one component continues to increase & the others can't compensate anymore =
increased ICP (headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, impaired vision)
HEAD INJURIES - Answer - Compound = skin broken & bone protrudes out - puts outside
environment in contact with cranial cavity = serious infection risk
- Depression = skull indents/extends into cranial cavity
DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY - Answer - Brain injury where all axons are damaged
- Usually comatose from time of injury - prolonged & difficult to recover from
- Caused by road accidents or vigorous shaking of young/old
- Brain rapidly shifts inside skull during injury = axons to tear & swell
- Treatment = decrease ICP & promote cerebral blood flow
BRAIN INJURIES - Answer - Primary = injury occurs at time of incident
o Traumatic = blow to the head
o Non-traumatic = haemorrhage
o Concussion = temporary interruption to brain functioning
- Secondary = occurs as result of primary injury
o Inflammation, swelling, oedema, raised ICP
HAEMATOMAS - Answer - Localised collection blood inside brain
- Epidural = between skull & area above dura mater
- Subdural = between skull & area below dura mater
- Subarachnoid = between skull & area below arachnoid mater
- Intracerebral = inside brain tissue
POSTURING - Answer - Abnormal posturing occurs as result large increase ICP
- One set muscles becomes incapacitated whilst the opposing set isn't
- Decorticate (abnormal flexion) = lesions to corticospinal tract & increased pressure on
lower brain stem
- Decerebrate (abnormal extension) = lesions to diencephalon, pons & midbrain
GLASGOW COMA SCALE - Answer - Neurological assessment scale testing level of
consciousness
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