primary function of Krebs cycle - ️️to remove hydrogens and the energy associated
with those hydrogens from various substrates involved in the cycle
P/O ratio - ️️ratio of phosphagen bonds formed to oxygen atoms consumed
Process of oxidative phosphorylation - ️️passes electrons from ...
EXSC 330 - Exam 1
primary function of Krebs cycle - ✔️✔️to remove hydrogens and the energy associated
with those hydrogens from various substrates involved in the cycle
P/O ratio - ✔️✔️ratio of phosphagen bonds formed to oxygen atoms consumed
Process of oxidative phosphorylation - ✔️✔️passes electrons from oxidation of a fuel
source (CHO, fat, PRO) to NADH or FADH2, and finally to oxygen to produce ATP
- slow but high ATP yield
ATP - ✔️✔️(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of
their work.
potential energy extracted from food, energy stored in bonds of ATP -> outermost
phosphate is released (uses ATPase)
ADP forms when ___ joins with ____ - ✔️✔️ATP; H2O
Phosphocreatine (PCr) system - ✔️✔️anaerobic resynthesis of ATP, uses creatine
kinase (CK).
ADP is phosphorylated to ATP (high levels of ADP is favored)
~10 sec max yield
adenylate kinase - ✔️✔️assists in ATP regeneration
2 ADP -> ATP and AMP
cell store ____ more PCr than ATP - ✔️✔️4-6x
creatine - ✔️✔️___ may be phosphorylated back to PCr system
byproducts of PCr hydrolysis and adenylate kinase reaction - ✔️✔️- Pi (inorganic
phosphate)
- AMP
- ADP
byproducts of PCr and adenylate kinase stimulate: - ✔️✔️- glycogenolysis/glycolysis
- oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis - ✔️✔️intermediate energy system, anaerobic
,~ 90 sec
relies solely on carbohydrates (CHO)
glycolysis occurs in - ✔️✔️cytosol
glucose is cleaved into ____ in glycolysis - ✔️✔️2 pyruvate molecules, which may
convert to lactate
transport of glucose into the sarcoplasm for use in glycolysis is dependent on _____ -
✔️✔️GLUT4 transporters
- responds to elevated insulin
- responds to physical activity INDEPENDENT of insulin
its relative concentrations that are important in energy metabolism - ✔️✔️NADH/NAD+,
ATP/ADP
adipocytes - ✔️✔️site of fat storage and mobilization
I pound of fat equals - ✔️✔️3500 kcal
fat mobilization - ✔️✔️first step: lipolysis - splitting triglycerides into the glycerol and
fatty acids
____ drives lipolysis - ✔️✔️lipase
fatty acids for lipolysis are ____ - ✔️✔️free fatty acids
- bound to Albumin for transport in plasma
free fatty acids can be: - ✔️✔️1. reesterified to triglycerides
2. can enter mitochondria for metabolism by transferring an acyl group to carnitine
lipolysis is stimulated by - ✔️✔️epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, testosterone,
TSH, growth hormone
fat storage is stimulated by - ✔️✔️estrogen and insulin
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