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PLS2601 FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS; GRADED A+
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PLS2601 FINAL EXAM REVIEWAd Hominem argument - Fallacy that occurs when someone makes a personal attack
on the character, interests or circumstances f the person who is advancing a claim,
instead of addressing the argument he or she makes.
Affirming the consequent - This fallacy is committed when the consequent in a
conditional statement is affirmed and the antecedent is taken to be true on these
grounds.
Analogy - Reasoning by analogy is based on comparison with similar cases. An
argument based on analogy only succeeds when the similarities between the cases or
entities are relevant.
Analyzing arguments - The process of identifying premises and conclusions in
arguments and structuring arguments.
Antecedent - In a conditional claim ('If'...'then'...) the antecedent lies between the 'if' and
the 'then'. An antecedent is the condition that is claimed to lead to the consequent.
Appeal to force - The appeal-to-force fallacy occurs when an arguer appeals to the
threat of force or coercion in order to get his/her opponents to accept to certain
conclusions.
Appeal to the masses - Fallacious reasoning based on mass sentiment, popular
feelings, or nationalism, rather than offering good reasons for accepting the conclusion.
Argument - An argument is a group of statements that intend to affirm the truth or
acceptability of a claim.
Argumentative writing - Argumentative writing argues for or against a particular point of
view. It is concerned with arguments and the point of an argument is to convince the
reader or the audience that a claim is true or acceptable.
Begging the question fallacy - This fallacy occurs when the premises of an argument
assume the very issue that the conclusion needs to establish. The begging-the-question
fallacy is also known as circular reasoning because the 'reasoning' goes round in a
circle, that is, it only restates the premises in different words.
Cause-ad-effect reasoning - A kind of inductive argument in which it is argued that a
particular event or effect occurs on the basis of specific antecedent conditions or casual
factors.
, Comparison Writing - A kind of writing that compares and contrasts two or more things,
events or viewpoints by focusing on similarities and differences.
Complex Question - The complex-question fallacy occurs when two or more questions
are combined and demand a 'yes' or 'no' answer.
Conclusion Inidcator - A signal word that helps us to identify the conclusion of an
argument.
Conclusion - A conclusion is the main claim of an argument
Conditional Claim - A conditional claim is a proposition that can be expressed in the
form of 'If P then Q', where P and Q stand for statements. It is called a conditional claim
because the antecedent (the statement that follows after the 'if') may not be true.
Consequent - In a conditional claim ('If'...'then'...) the consequent follows the 'then'. A
consequent is what is said to follow if the antecedent condition is assumed to be true.
Counterargument - This is an argument an arguer formulates in answer to another
argument.
Counterexample - A counterexample is a specific example which defeats or runs
counter tot he claim made in an argument.
Critical Reasoning - Critical reasoning explores the nature and function of arguments in
natural language and is concerned with the art of argumentation rather than the formal
theory of reasoning.
Critical Reasoning involves thinking for yourself, offering well-informed and reasoned
alternatives to problems, and an attitude of critical self-reflection, that is, the ability to
reflect critically on your own beliefs and biases and the beliefs and biases of other
people.
Deductive argument - An argument in which the premises are claimed to give sufficient
support for the conclusion to follow.
Denotative defintion - A definition that denotes or 'marks down' by giving examples. A
denotative definition is also called a definition by example.
Denying the antecedent - This type of fallacy occurs when someone argues that
because the antecedent doesn't happen, the consequent cannot happen. In a
conditional claim it is fallacious to deny the antecedent and to assume that this is a
ground for denying the consequent.
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