100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Solutions Manual for Earth: Portrait of a Planet 7th Edition by Stephen Marshak , ISBN: 9780393882742 |COMPLETE TEST BANK| Guide A+ $19.99   Add to cart

Exam (elaborations)

Solutions Manual for Earth: Portrait of a Planet 7th Edition by Stephen Marshak , ISBN: 9780393882742 |COMPLETE TEST BANK| Guide A+

 1 view  0 purchase
  • Course
  • Earth Portrait Of A Planet
  • Institution
  • Earth Portrait Of A Planet

Solution Manual For Earth Portrait of a Planet, 7th Edition by Marshak, ISBN: 9780393882742, All 23 Chapters Covered, Verified Latest Edition Solution Manual For Earth Portrait of a Planet, 7th Edition by Marshak, ISBN: 9780393882742, All 23 Chapters Covered, Verified Latest Edition Solution Manual...

[Show more]

Preview 4 out of 202  pages

  • November 13, 2024
  • 202
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
book image

Book Title:

Author(s):

  • Edition:
  • ISBN:
  • Edition:
  • Earth Portrait Of A Planet
  • Earth Portrait Of A Planet
avatar-seller
PROFDOC
Solutions Manual for Earth Portrait
of a
Planet, 7e, by Stephen Marshak (All
Chapters)
PR
O
FD
O
C

, CHAPTER 1

Cosmology and the Birth of Earth


Learning Objectives

1. Students should be aware of the Big Bang theory and the major evidence
PR
supporting it. Distant galaxies are uniformly red-shifted rather than blue-
shifted; this implies that they are all moving away from us. The farthest
galaxies are those that are most strongly red-shifted, meaning that they are
receding the fastest. Extrapolation of velocities and trajectories into the past
O
suggests that all matter in the Universe was contained in a single point,
approximately 13.7 billion years ago. At that time, the Universe explosively
FD
came into existence.
2. Stars, including our Sun, are nuclear fusion reactors. For most of their life
histories (on the order of billions of years), hydrogen atoms are fused together
to form helium. Later stages in stellar evolution include fusion of helium atoms
O

and other, heavier elements; ultimately, iron is the heaviest element that can
be produced through fusion reactions within stars.
C

3. After their cycles of fusion are complete, large stars violently explode (forming
supernovae), producing elements heavier than iron and leaving behind a
residue of diffuse nebulae, which may be recycled to form a new star at some
point in the future.
4. Our Solar System is approximately 4.57 Ga (billion years old). All eight planets
revolve around the Sun in coplanar, elliptical orbits. All planets orbit in the

, same direction (counterclockwise as viewed from above Earth’s North Pole).
These facts imply simultaneous planetary formation from a swirling nebula
surrounding the Sun (the similarities in orbits would then be a natural result of
conservation of angular momentum). The planets accreted from this nebula
through gravitational attraction and haphazard collisions. Pluto, long
considered the “ninth planet,” has seen its status demoted; astronomers now
recognize eight major planets.
5. The terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are relatively small,
dense, and rocky worlds. The giant planets are predominantly composed of the
light gases hydrogen and helium (Jupiter and Saturn) or ices (Uranus and
Neptune); they are much larger and much less dense than the terrestrial
PR
planets.
6. Our Moon is chemically similar to the Earth’s mantle. The Moon is thought to
have originated from debris accumulated when a protoplanet collided with
Earth approximately 4.3 Ga.
O
FD
O
C

, Summary from the Text

The geocentric model placed Earth at the center of the Universe, with the planets
and Sun orbiting around the Earth within a celestial sphere speckled with stars. The
heliocentric model, which gained acceptance during the Renaissance, placed the Sun
at the center.
Eratosthenes was able to measure the size of Earth in ancient times, but it was
not until fairly recently that astronomers accurately determined the distances to the
Sun, planets, and stars. Distances in the Universe are so large that they must be
measured in light-years.
The Earth is one of eight planets orbiting the Sun, and this Solar System lies on
PR
the outer edge of a slowly revolving galaxy, the Milky Way, which is composed of
about 300 billion stars. The Universe contains at least hundreds of billions of galaxies.
The red shift of light from distant galaxies, a manifestation of the Doppler effect,
indicates that all distant galaxies are moving away from Earth. This observation leads
O
to the expanding Universe theory. Most astronomers agree that this expansion began
after the Big Bang, a cataclysmic explosion about 13.7 billion years ago.
FD
The first atoms (hydrogen and helium) of the Universe developed within minutes
of the Big Bang. These atoms formed vast gas clouds, called nebulae.
Gravity caused clumps of gas in the nebulae to coalesce into revolving balls. As
these balls of gas collapsed inward, they evolved into flattened disks with bulbous
O

centers. The protostars at the center of these disks eventually became dense and
sufficiently hot that fusion reactions began within them. When this happened, they
C

became true stars, emitting heat and light.
Heavier elements form during fusion reactions in stars; the heaviest are mostly
made during supernova explosions. Earth and the life forms on it contain elements
that could have only been produced during the life cycle of stars. Thus, we are all
made of stardust.
According to the nebular theory of planet formation, planets developed from the
rings of gas and dust surrounding protostars. The gas and dust condensed into
planetesimals, which then clumped together to form protoplanets and finally true
planets. Inner rings became the terrestrial planets; outer rings grew into giant
planets.
The Moon formed from debris ejected when a protoplanet collided with Earth in

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller PROFDOC. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $19.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

80467 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$19.99
  • (0)
  Add to cart