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Geography 1900, Montenegro OSU - Exam 1 2024/2025 verified Solution
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Geography 1900, Montenegro OSU - Exam 1 2024/2025 verified Solution
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Chem 219Passed!!
2024/2025
Geography 1900, Montenegro
OSU - Exam 1
Weather Answer: State of the atmosphere at a particular moment
Climate Answer: The statistics (average and variability) of weather
What was the early atmosphere composed of? Answer: -~4.6 billion years
ago
-Mostly hydrogen (H2) and helium (He), gases present in the dust cloud
-Surface temp between 85-100 C
-Lost to space - heat, solar wind, and Earth's small mass
What was the early atmosphere like? Answer: -4.6- 4ish billion years ago
-Contraction -> heating -> volcanic activity --> **Outgassing and potentially
impact degassing**
-Potential composition (based output by volcanoes): H20 = 85%, CO2 = 10%, Ns2,
SO2, H2S =5%
---------Today H20 = 4% max, CO2 = ~0.04
When was volcanic activity reduced? Answer: -4ish (may be 4.2) - 3.8 billion
years ago
-Atmosphere cools -> Clouds -> Rain -> oceans form
-Cooling and precipitation caused a decrease in atmospheric H20 (now stored in
oceans) and CO2 (stored in ocean sediments)
,Chem 219
Passed!!
2024/2025
When and what caused an increase in atmospheric O2? Answer: -About 3.5
billion years ago
-It was caused by the advent of photosynthesis (previously O2 consumed by
reactions with atmospheric gases and sediments)
-Earliest photosynthesizers similar to cyanobacteria
-H20 + CO2 => (CH2O) + O2
-Photosynthesis removes CO2 and adds O2
-Respiration removes O2 and adds CO2
-The increase in O2 = burial of plant biomass
Effects of the increase in atmospheric O2 Answer: -Negative impact on
earliest life forms
-Consequence increase in O3 favored complex life
Present composition of the atmosphere - permanent gases Answer: -Nitrogen
(N2) = 78.08%
-Oxygen (O2) = 20.95%
-Argon = 0.93%
-Neon = 0.002%
-Helium = 0.0005%
-Krypton = 0.0001%
-Xenon = 0.00009%
-Hydrogen (H2) = 0.00005%
, Chem 219
Passed!!
2024/2025
-Overall: N2 + O2 + Ar = 99.96% by volume
Present composition of the atmosphere - variable gases Answer: -Water
vapor (H2O) = 0.25%
-CO2 = 0.039%
-Ozone (O3) = 0.01%
-But these gases are variable so the concentrations can fluctuate
Non-gas components of the atmosphere Answer: -Aerosols: sols and liquid
material in suspension; have a role in the energy budget - radiation absorption
and scattering - directly and indirectly - cloud formation and characteristics
-Areosols are under the effect of gravity but small movements of air can keep
them afloat as well as friction
-Things like sand, smoke
How thick is the atmosphere? Answer: -99.99997% of atmospheric mass is
below 100km (elevation)
-Pressure: force per unit area
-Average sea level pressure is 1013 milibars (mb)
-The mass of air decreases with altitude (nonlinear relationship between pressure
and altitude) --> basically as you go up there is less pressure
-50% of atmospheric mass below 5.6km (average pressure at 5.6km is 500mb)
-90% of atmospheric mass below 16km (average pressure at 16km is 100mb)
-The atmosphere can be though of as apple skin - a very thin layer of flid where
horizontal speeds greatly surpass vertical speeds
----A 100km high atmosphere would only add 0.016% to the earth's diameter
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