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TAMU bio 111 lab exam 2 review 2024/2025 Questions And Answers 100% Solved | 100% Pass
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TAMU bio 111 lab exam 2 review 2024/2025 Questions AndAnswers 100% Solved | 100% Pass
In what sugar conditions is the repressor bound or unbound to the operon? - ✔✔The repressor is
bound to the operator when lactose is absent. When lactose is present, allolactose binds to the
repressor, which prevents the repressor from binding to the Lac operon's operator
In order to make more B-gal, what will the repressor bind? - ✔✔If B-gal needed to be
produced, allolactose would have to bind to the repressor
Know the magnification of each lens and how to calculate total magnification. - ✔✔Objective lens:
4X, 10X, 40X, 100X (100X is only for oil immersion) o Ocular lens: 10X magnification o Objective
magnification + ocular magnification = total magnification. 4X * 10X = 40X total magnification § 10X *
10X = 100X total magnification. 40X * 10X = 400X total magnification
Describe how you would use a compound microscope starting with the 4X objective lens and ending
with the 40X objective lens. - ✔✔With the 4X objective lens you would first focus your slide using the
coarse adjustment knob, then the find adjustment knob until the image is as clear as you can get it. Then
you would move to the 10X objective lens and refocus using only the FINE adjustment knob. Then you
would move up to the 40X objective lens and refocus using only the FINE adjustment knob.
Know the stages of the cell cycle and phases of mitosis. Be able to briefly summarize what happens at
each stage. Also, be able to visually identify each stage. - ✔✔Interphase: cell growth and DNA
replication (G1, S, and G2 phases). G1 phase: period of intense growth and biochemical activity. S
phase: synthesis/replication of DNA. G2 phase: cell continues to grow and complete preparations for
cell division. Mitosis: is a continuous process and consists of the actual dividing of the nucleus
(replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated) Prophase: nuclear membrane begins to
disintegrate and the chromosomes begin to condense. Metaphase: chromosomes line up in center of
cell. Anaphase: centromeres of each chromosome separate, as spindle fibers pull apart the sister
chromosomes. Telophase: chromosomes cluster at opposite ends of the cells, and the nuclear
membrane reforms. Chromosomes start to unravel. Cytokinesis: consists of the dividing of the
cytoplasm. Cleavage furrow forms in animal cells and cell plate forms in plant cells.
Be able to figure out how many chromosomes are at each stage of interphase and mitosis. - ✔✔Mitosis
produces two genetically identical daughter cells and conserves the number of chromosome number
, (2n). If a cell starts with 46 chromosomes in interphase, then there would be 46 chromosomes at
prophase and metaphase, 92 chromosomes in anaphase and telophase, a
Know what the difference is between mitosis and meiosis. - ✔✔Mitosis produces two genetically
identical diploid daughter cells and conserves the number of chromosome number (2n). Genetic
variation does not change. Meiosis occurs in sexually reproducing organisms and results in cells with
half the chromosomes number of the parent cell (n). Meiosis produces 4 haploid daughter cells and
increases genetic variation.
Why did we only want to look at the root tips to observe the cell cycle? - ✔✔The apical meristem is
located in root tips. This is a region of rapid progression through the cell cycle to increase the number
of cells.
What are the plant mutants that we worked with in class? What are their mutant phenotypes? - ✔✔We
worked with Arabidopsis thaliana, which is a small weed in the mustard family and is a common model
organism for studying plants (bc of it's small size, rapid generation time, and ease of growing in labs) o
One parent had trichomes and fluoresced (hair + glow) o One parent was glabrous and did not fluoresce
(no hair + no glow)
What is a phenotype? - ✔✔The physical characteristics of a trait (i.e., what it looks like - color,
texture, size, etc.)
What is a genotype? - ✔✔The particular combination of alleles for a gene or locus i.e., The
letter combination that makes up a trait (ex. AA, Aa, aa)
Homozygous - ✔✔two identical genes for the same trait (ex. AA or aa) Homozygous dominant: contains
two dominant genes/alleles (ex. AA, BB) Homozygous recessive: contains two recessive
genes/alleles (ex. aa, bb)
Heterozygous - ✔✔two different genes for the same trait. Contains one dominant gene/allele and
one recessive gene/allele (ex. Aa/Bb)
Allele - ✔✔a gene for a particular trait (ex. A or a)
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