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AHN 572: Respiratory 2 Study Guide Solutions
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AHN 572: Respiratory 2 Study Guide Solutions Normal Resting Minute Ventilation - ANSWER-5-6L/min What is minute ventilation? - ANSWER-Amount of air exchanged in 1 minute I:E Ratio - ANSWER-The ratio of inspiratory time to expiratory time during each ventilator cycle. A typical time ratio is on...

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  • November 12, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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AHN 572: Respiratory 2 Study Guide Solutions


Normal Resting Minute Ventilation - ANSWER✔✔-5-6L/min


What is minute ventilation? - ANSWER✔✔-Amount of air exchanged in 1 minute


I:E Ratio - ANSWER✔✔-The ratio of inspiratory time to expiratory time during each

ventilator cycle.




A typical time ratio is one-third for inspiration, two-thirds for expiration


A typical I:E ratio? - ANSWER✔✔-A typical time ratio is one-third for inspiration, two-

thirds for expiration


Causes of increase pulmonary vascular resistance - ANSWER✔✔-1. vasoconstriction

(e.g. hyoxemia and or acidosis)


2. Loss of vasculature (e.g. emphysema and lung resection)


3. Occlusion of the pulmonary vasculature (PE)


4. Relative stenosis of the pulmonary vasculature


Primary Etiologies of Pulmonary Hypertension? (5) - ANSWER✔✔-1. Increased

pulmonary vascular resistance


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,2. Increased pulmonary venous pressure


3. Increased pulmonary blood flow


4. Polycythemia


5. Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension


Primary causes of increased pulmonary venous pressure? (3) - ANSWER✔✔-1. Left

ventricular failure or hypertrophy


2. Valvular heart disease (e.g. mitral stenosis and aortic stenosis)


3. Constrictive pericarditis


Minute Ventilation Calculation - ANSWER✔✔-TV x RR (L/min


Initial TV setting - ANSWER✔✔-8-10 ml/kg ideal body weight


For every 10mmHg change in PCO2, the pH will change by _____. - ANSWER✔✔-0.08


What is TNM? - ANSWER✔✔-An international staging system.


T: describes tumor size and location


N: describes presence and location of nodal metastases


M: refers to presence or absence of distant mets


Used for NSCLC


Stage I-II benefit from surgery

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,Stage IIIb-IV do not benefit from surgery


Two categories of SCLC? - ANSWER✔✔-Limited: tumor is limited to the unilateral

hemithorax (30%)


Extensive: Tumor extends beyond hemithorax


PFT in Lung Cancer - ANSWER✔✔-1. If FEV1 < 2L, then predicted post-op calculated

FEV1 should be performed


2. Post-op FEV1 >800ml associated with low incidence of perioperative complications


3. Post-op FEV1 <700ml considered high risk for complications


S/S of Lung Cancer - ANSWER✔✔-1. Anorexia, weight loss, or asthenia occurs in 55-

90%


2. Up to 60% have a new cough or a change in a chronic cough


3. 6-31% have hemoptysis


4. 25-40% complain of pain


5. change in voice (compromise of the recurrent laryngeal nerve)


6. superior vena cava syndrome (obstruction of the superior vena cava with

supraclavicular venous engorgement)


7. Horner syndrome (ipsilateral ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis from involvement of the

inferior cervical ganglion and the paravertebral sympathetic chain).

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, 8. Distant metastases to the liver are associated with asthenia and weight loss.


9. Brain metastases (10% in NSCLC, more common in adenocarcinoma, and 20-30% in

SCLC) may present with headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, dizziness, or altered

mental status.


Paraneoplastic syndromes: - ANSWER✔✔-1. Occur in 10-20% of lung cancer patients


2. small cell carcinoma, SIADH can develop in 10-15%


3. squamous cell carcinoma, hypercalcemia in 10%


4. Digital clubbing is seen in up to 20% of patients at diagnosis


5. Other common paraneoplastic syndromes include increased ACTH production,

anemia, hypercoagulability, peripheral neuropathy, and the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic

syndrome


Treatment: Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma - ANSWER✔✔-Stage I, II patients: treated

with surgical resection where possible




Stage II, and possibly a subset of stage IB, are additionally recommended to receive

adjuvant chemotherapy.




Stage IIIA patients have poor outcomes when treated with resection alone.


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