Pathophysiology Exam Study Guide.
Nucleus - answerContains the genetic information of the cell
Nuleolus - answerProduces RNA which transcribes, processes, which sends out information to the
ribosomes.
Smoothe Endoplasmic Reticulum - answerProduction of phospholipids
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum...
Nucleus - answer✔Contains the genetic information of the cell
Nuleolus - answer✔Produces RNA which transcribes, processes, which sends out information to the
ribosomes.
Smoothe Endoplasmic Reticulum - answer✔Production of phospholipids
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - answer✔Site of synthesis of lysosomes and proteins for intracellular and
extracellular use.
Ribosomes - answer✔Aids in protein production on the rough endoplasmic reticulum as well as
polysomes (messenger RNA and ribosomes).
The ribosomes along with transfer RNA interpret messenger RNA which carries the genetic material of
the cell.
Golgi apparatus - answer✔Sorts, chemically modifies, and packages proteins produced on the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
Lysosomes - answer✔Combines with food vacuoles and digests materials engulfed by cells. Lysosome
membrane separates digestive enzymes from the cytoplasm.
Peroxisomes - answer✔Breaks down various potentially toxic intracellular molecules and is involved in
nerve cell myelin sheath development.
Mitochondria - answer✔Contains enzymes to convert food into energy. ATP production occurs in the
mitochondria.
Cilia - answer✔Propels materials along the surface of certain cells.
Centrioles - answer✔Helps organize spindle apparatus necessary for cell division.
secretory vesicles - answer✔Stores protein hormones or enzymes in the cytoplasm awaiting the signal
for release to the outside of the cell.
food vacuole - answer✔Stores ingested material and combines with lysosomes. It is the site of digestion
and degradation of engulfed materials. (for example autophagy)
Describe the characteristics of the different types of epithelial cells. - answer✔Epithelial cells line the
outside and all interior areas of the body. The structure depends on the location and function of the cell.
Simple epithelium - a single layer of cells
Stratified epithelium - multiple layers of cells
Different epithelial cell shapes include squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
What are the functions of epithelial cells? - answer✔Epithelial cells provide protection as well as play a
role in absorption, secretion, and excretion.
An example of the protective function is that of the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin, mouth,
esophagus, and vagina.
Keratin is on the outer side of the skin. These are made of a fibrous protein that is shed and replenished.
List the 3 types of connective tissue and discuss their characteristics. - answer✔Connective tissue is
made up of a large extra-cellular matrix and fibroblast cells that produce several types of fibers.
The three types of fiber are collagen, elastin, and reticular.
What is the function of connective tissue? - answer✔The most common function of connective tissue is
to support, attach, and store within the body.
What are the different types of muscle tissue? - answer✔Different types of muscle fibers include
smooth, cardiac, or skeletal.
These fibers can be voluntary or involuntary (eg. Smooth muscle in the blood vessels).
Describe the process of muscle contraction. - answer✔1. Fiber stimulation leads to an action potential,
2. depolarization and the release of calcium.
3.The calcium binds to troponin which then uncovers the actin-binding sites and allows for myosin
stands to pull the actin, leading to contraction. This process requires ATP.
Relaxation occurs when there is no longer stimulation or ATP. Calcium is then pumped back in and the
tropomyosin covers the actin-binding sites.
What are the functions of muscle tissue? - answer✔Muscle fiber leads to movement as well as heart
contraction and contraction of blood vessels.
What are the two different types of nerve cells? - answer✔Neurons
Neuroglial cells
What are the main structures of the neuron? - answer✔The main structures of the neuron include the
following:
· Cell body and nucleus
· Axon - conducts impulses away from the cell body
· Dendrites - conduct impulses toward the cell body
· The nerve cells are covered with myelin, forming the myelin sheath which protects the nerve as well as
increases speed of neural transmission.
What is the function of neuroglial cells? - answer✔Provide structure to the nervous system.
List the four types of neuroglial cells and explain their function. - answer✔· Astrocytes - form the
framework of the brain and spinal cord as well as the blood-brain barrier.
· Ependymal cells - for the epithelial lining of the central nervous system. They also produce cerebral
spinal fluid.
· Oligodendrocytes - these develop myelin in the central nervous system.
· Schwann Cells - produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system.
True or False: Nerve cells are incapable of division and replication. - answer✔True
What is the main function of cells of the nervous system? - answer✔The main function of nerve cells is
the processing and transmission of information.
Describe the characteristics of a benign tumor. - answer✔1. similar to normal cells and are
differentiated.
3. These grow relatively slowly into an expanding mass. They are frequently encapsulated.
4. Spread remains localized
5. Systemic effects are rare, but can put pressure on surrounding areas.
Describe the characteristics of a malignant tumor. - answer✔1. Vary in size and shape.
2. Many are undifferentiated
3. Mitosis is increased and atypical.
4. Grow rapidly
5. Not encapsulated
6. Invade surrounding tissues and spread through blood and lymph
7. More commonly life threatening.
What are punnett squares? - answer✔Used to show the likelihood of a genetic trait or problem being
passed on to offspring.
What would a punnett square of autsomal dominance look like? - answer✔1. In autosomal dominance,
the capital letter (A) is the representation of the mutated gene. Since the disease is rare, the most likely
scenario is a paring of a normal parent and an affected heterozygous parent.
2. There is a 50% chance of their offspring being affected with the disease and a 50% chance of being
unaffected.
What is an example of autosomal dominance? - answer✔Huntington Disease
Describe the punnet square of an autosomal recessive gene. - answer✔1. In autosomal recessive
disorders, the lowercase letter (a) represents the recessive gene mutation. For an offspring to get the
disease, both parents have to be carriers.
2. With both parents being carriers, there is a 25% chance of an offspring being affected with the
disease; a 50% chance of the offspring will be a carrier, and a 25% chance an offspring will be
unaffected.
3. Another scenario is if one parent is a carrier and one is unaffected, then the disease will be not be
inherited, but 50% will be carriers.
1 example of an autosomal recessive disorder. - answer✔Sickle cell disease
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