Psych 111 Exam 1 Questions And Answers
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Hindsight bias - answerDeciding you could have done something once it's already done
Recall Charles Darwin's influence on evolutionary psychology. - answerPrinciples of natural selection
provide a framework for the understanding of how we change ...
Hindsight bias - answer✔Deciding you could have done something once it's already done
Recall Charles Darwin's influence on evolutionary psychology. - answer✔Principles of natural selection
provide a framework for the understanding of how we change and adapt to our environments and
human development over a lifespan. NATURE vs NURTURE (they work together)
identify the criticisms of evolutionary psychology - answer✔Major criticisms fall under the umbrella of
nature and nurture "fighting" one another and not working together.
definition of overconfidence. - answer✔Thinking you can complete a task or know something when not
accurate
Why there are similarities in all people worldwide - answer✔We all share 99% of the same genome, we
are all human and share fairly similar basic common beliefs and understanding of life and what we want
during it.
Recall how random sequences are often perceived - answer✔Often seen with perceived patterns even
when not present
Understand how repetition can encourage the acceptance of ideas - answer✔and how repetition can
encourage the acceptance of ideas.
When information is repeated it makes it seem more feasible and likely, and is remembered more so it
is accepted more frequently.
Review how group identity can affect the acceptance of misinformation - answer✔We share the ideas
we commonly think with others of the same thought/opinion which can lead to large groups of people
being misled when misinformation is shared.
Understand what constitutes a scientific attitude. - answer✔Skepticism, humility, and curiosity
What is the scientific method? - answer✔Method derived to help determine and learn if
ideas/hypothesis are verifiable fact or non-true
Recall the definition of a hypothesis. - answer✔Testable theory/idea that is proved or disproved through
scientific testing
Understand the benefits of random sampling. - answer✔Ensures that the outcomes are representative
of a greater application to the population, key to having unbiased results in testing
Review the purposes of correlational research. - answer✔To determine if two factors are related to each
other (but not if one causes the other)
Understand the difference between positive and negative correlations - answer✔Positive: both go
"same direction" Negative: one go up while the other goes down
Review what is meant by regression toward the mean. - answer✔Most things average toward the
middle- things are more alike than they are similar
Understand the relationship between correlation and causation. - answer✔Correlation is that two things
change together, causations is that one factor causes changes in another variable
Review the contributions of phrenology to psychology. - answer✔The understanding that different parts
of the brain have different roles to play in what we do (not seen from the outside but each part does
different things)
Understand the uses of an fMRI. - answer✔Measures the changes in blood use by different parts of the
brain in comparison with others- helps determine what parts of the brain are used for specific activities
Recall the role of manipulating and controlling variables in experiments - answer✔Control variables
ensure that the variable being changed is the one causing the differing observed outcomes.
Manipulation of variables helps determine is what is being changed really has an impact on outcomes.
Be able to identify the benefits of random assignment. - answer✔Random assignment ensures that the
differing outcomes are applicable to all. It removes bias and makes outcomes more statistically
significant
Know what is meant by the term statistically significant. - answer✔Meaning that the likelihood of a
specific outcome is due to certain procedure and not just random chance (p <.05)
Recall the function of dendrites. - answer✔Receive chemical messengers to send the action potential
down the cell body and continue the different messenger
Review how neurons generate electricity. - answer✔Differences in membrane potential allow the action
potential of received ligands to create an action potential down the axon via the change in
concentration and permeability of sodium and potassium.
Know the definition of reuptake. - answer✔The absorption/removal of neurotransmitters from the
synapse after the signal was sent
Understand the process of opiate reception in the brain. - answer✔Opiates bind to the same sites where
endorphins bind, have high affinity, and cause similar effect. Can lead to reduced/stopped natural
production of endorphins, creates dependency on opiate- prevent reuptake of various
neurotransmitters and therefore cause increased "reaction" of desired outputs (dopamine or serotonin)
Recall the definition of the nervous system. - answer✔Electrochemical communication network of the
body (CNS-brain and spinal cord and PNS- all the rest [autonomic- sympathies and parasympathetic, and
somatic- sensory input, motor output])
Understand how neurons fire (all-or-none response). - answer✔They are all or none- there is no middle
ground of setting off a chemical messenger the message either goes or it doesn't
Review how the endocrine system affects our emotions. - answer✔Hormones affect tissues and brain,
has a reciprocal relationship with the brain and signaling/change inference. Hormones take awhile to
process through and so you could still be angry hours later after an argument.
Know the benefits of two-track processing in the brain. - answer✔Can do multiple things at the same
time, gives the ability to process and act
Be able to identify the functions of the thalamus. - answer✔Directs sensory messages to cortex and
sends reply to cerebellum (judgement, coordination of movement and life processes) and medulla
Recall the functions of the limbic system. - answer✔Emotional regulation, memory and innate drives,
controls the pituitary gland
Understand how our larger cortex plays a role in adaptation. - answer✔The cortex is evolutionary
developed later and therefore is related to higher thinking seen in humans and other animals with a
prefrontal cortex. Larger cortex helps us to make decisions in changing environments.
Review the functions of the occipital lobe. - answer✔vision
Be able to identify the basic functions of the parietal and temporal lobes. - answer✔Hearing (temporal
lobe)
Be familiar with functions of the association areas in the brain. - answer✔Areas that enable judgment,
planning, and memory processing
Recall possible effects from damage to the frontal cortex. - answer✔Disconnect of emotion and action,
don't feel regret, have difficulty seeing cause an effect in actions
Understand the purposes of analyses of functional connectivity. - answer✔Understanding Functional
connectivity leads to greater understanding of language, memory, social skills, and attention. How the
two sides of the brain interact. A lack of this connection leads to many mental disorders.
Know what is meant by the term neuroplasticity. - answer✔The brain changes as we go think and grow,
can develop new pathways (constraint induced therapy)
Review the function of the corpus callosum. - answer✔Connects the two hemispheres
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