RIO SALADO BIO 202 EXAM 1 ACTUAL EXAM PREP |BRAND NEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ALL GRADED A+|GUARANTEED SUCCESS
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RIO SALADO BIO 202
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RIO SALADO BIO 202
RIO SALADO BIO 202 EXAM 1 ACTUAL EXAM PREP |BRAND NEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ALL GRADED A+|GUARANTEED SUCCESS
The heart is a very important muscle in our body that keeps blood flowing to our tissues to keep them nourished with oxygen and help transport carb...
RIO SALADO BIO 202 EXAM 1 ACTUAL
EXAM PREP 2024-2025|BRAND NEW
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS ALL GRADED
A+|GUARANTEED SUCCESS
The heart is a very important muscle in our body that keeps blood flowing to our
tissues to keep them nourished with oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide
waste to the lungs for gas exchange. The heart uses electrical impulses from
specialized nodes to trigger the cardiac muscles to contract, which in turn leads to
the continuous pumping function of the heart.
The specialized nodes of the heart are the sinoatrial (SA) node and the
atrioventricular (AV) node. The SA node is located in the right atrium and is inferior
to the superior vena cava entrance. The SA node is the pacemaker of the heart and
sets the rate of depolarization that begins the
electrical signal that tells the heart to contract. The AV node is located in the lower
atrial septum at the junction of the atria and ventricles. The AV node's function is to
delay the contraction of the ventricles until the atrial contraction is complete for 0.1s.
The - ANSWER-✔On Exam 1 you will be presented with an essay question. The essay
topic is cardiac impulse generation.
You will be asked to compose an essay about the cardiac impulse generation and
conduction.
,a. A discussion cardiac conduction should begin with description of the specialized
nodes (autorhythmic character) of the heart and their locations.
b. The sequence should be discussed as well as coordinating location in the heart.
c. The actual innervation of the cardiac muscle and appropriate structures should be
considered.
d. Correlation between the stages of impulse should be related to the flow of blood,
contraction of the chambers and open and closing of the valves.
second great control system of the body that interacts with the nervous system to
coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells - ANSWER-✔Endocrine system
o Influences metabolic activity by means of hormones (chemical messengers
secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid)
• Reproduction
• Growth and development
• Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of the blood
• Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
• Mobilization of body defenses - ANSWER-✔What does the Endocrine system
influence?
the scientific study of hormones and the endocrine organ - ANSWER-
✔Endocrinology
neural functioning plus releases hormones (hypothalamus) - ANSWER-
✔Neuroendocrine organ
chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them, short-
distance signals (smooth muscle cells to contract smooth muscle cells) - ANSWER-
✔Autocrines
act within the same tissue, but affect cell types other than those releasing the
paracrine chemicals (somatostatin released by one group of pancreatic cells inhibits
the release of insulin by a different group of pancreatic cells) - ANSWER-✔Paracrines
long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body -
ANSWER-✔Hormones
produce non-hormonal substances (sweat and saliva) and have ducts that carry
these substances to a membrane surface - ANSWER-✔Exocrine glands
ductless glands, produce hormones, release hormones into the surrounding tissue
fluid, and have a rich vascular and lymphatic drainage that receives their hormones,
most cells in these glands are arranged in cords and branching networks (maximizes
contact between cells and surrounding capillaries) - ANSWER-✔Endocrine glands
a. Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands
,b. Pancreas, gonads (ovaries and testes), placenta contain endocrine tissue -
ANSWER-✔What are examples of endocrine organs?
a. Amino-acid based: hormones are water soluble and cannot cross the plasma
membrane (epinephrine, thyroxine, peptides, protein)
b. Steroids: hormones synthesized from cholesterol, lipid soluble and can cross the
plasma membrane (only gonadal and adrenocortical hormones are steroids) -
ANSWER-✔How are hormones classified chemically?
tissue cells that have receptors for hormonal activity influences, hormone
communicates with target cell through water-soluble hormones (amino-acid based
hormones, no thyroid, use g proteins) or lipid-soluble hormones (steroid and thyroid
hormones) act on receptors inside the cells which directly activates genes, hormone
typically produce one or more of these changes:
i. Alters plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential, or both, by opening
or closing ion channels
ii. Stimulates synthesis of enzymes and other proteins within the cell
iii. Activates or deactivates enzymes
iv. Induces secretory activity
v. Stimulates mitosis - ANSWER-✔Target cells
1. cAMP (second messenger)
ii. Hormone binds receptor (hormone acts as first messenger)
iii. Receptor activates G protein (G protein activated by GDP: off, GTP: on)
iv. G protein activates adenylate cyclase (enzyme)
v. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
vi. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases (enzymes that add a phosphate group to
proteins, can activate or inhibit certain proteins) - ANSWER-✔The Cyclic AMP
signaling Mechanism
1. Intracellular calcium ions (second messenger)
ii. Phospholipase C (enzyme) splits a plasma membrane phospholipid, PIP2, into 2
second messengers (DAG: activates protein kinase enzyme and triggers responses
within target cell) (IP3: releases Ca2+ from intracellular storage sites, acts as
secondary messenger and binds to protein calmodulin which activates enzymes that
amplify the cellular response) - ANSWER-✔PIP2-Calcium Signaling Mechanism
Target cells
First Mechanism: Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism
Second Mechanism: PIP2- Calcium Signaling Mechanism - ANSWER-✔Describe the
two major mechanisms by which hormones bring about their effect on their target
tissues
a. Negative feedback mechanism: reaction that causes a decrease in function (some
internal or external stimulus triggers hormone secretion)
, b. Humoral stimuli: simplest endocrine control, secrete hormones in direct response
to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients (insulin, Ca2+ levels,
aldosterone)
c. Neural stimuli: nerve fibers stimulate hormone release (stress: norepinephrine or
epinephrine)
d. Hormonal stimuli: release hormones in response to hormones produced by other
endocrine organs (releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus
regulate the secretion of most anterior pituitary hormones) - ANSWER-✔Explain
how hormone release is regulated
a. Blood levels of the hormone
b. Relative numbers of receptors for that hormone on or in the target cells
c. Affinity (strength) of the binding between the hormone and the receptor -
ANSWER-✔Identify factors that influence activation of a target cell
persistently low levels of a hormone can cause its targets to form additional
receptors for that hormone - ANSWER-✔Up-regulation
prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations can decrease the number of
receptors for that hormone - ANSWER-✔Down-regulation
the length of time for a hormone's blood level to decrease by half, varies from a
fraction of a minute to a week (water-soluble hormones have the shortest half-lives -
ANSWER-✔Half-life
one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present
(lack of thyroid hormone delays reproductive development) - ANSWER-
✔Permissiveness
when more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their
combined effects are amplified (both glucagon and epinephrine cause the liver to
release glucose to the blood) - ANSWER-✔Synergism
when one hormone opposes the action of another (insulin lower blood glucose
levels, which is antagonized by glucagon which raises blood glucose levels) -
ANSWER-✔Antagonism
Permissiveness
Synergism
Antagonism - ANSWER-✔List 3 kinds of interaction of different hormones acting of
the same target cell
a. Structural pituitary gland located on sella turcica and infundibulum connects
pituitary gland to the hypothalamus (above it) maintains connection through nerve
bundles called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
b. Functional: action potentials travel down the axons of hypothalamic neurons,
causing hormone release from their axon terminals in the posterior pituitary,
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