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BMS 301 EXAM 2 WITH ALL QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS
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BMS 301 EXAM 2 WITH ALL QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS...
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BMS 301 EXAM 2 WITH ALL QUESTIONSAND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS
What are the five functional activities of the bony vertebral column? -
ANSWER 1) Protects CNS
2) Sight for hemopoiesis
3) Supports for the head, ribs, and upper limb
4) Plays a role in locomotion
5) Site for muscle attachment
What are the structural characteristics of cervical vertebrae? - ANSWER - 7
vertebrae
- Unique transverse foramina that protects vascular as it head to the brain
- Bifid (two equal parts) spinous process
- C7 is the first cervical vertebrae you can feel on the neck
What are the structural characteristics of thoracic vertebrae? - ANSWER -
Costal facets where ribs will sit
What are the structural characteristics of lumbar vertebrae? - ANSWER -
Large vertebrae
- Doesn't have costal facets or transverse foramina
What are the structural characteristics of sacral vertebrae? - ANSWER - Fused
vertebrae with intervertebral discs
- No intervertebral foramina, only posterior and anterior foramina
What are the general articulations between adjacent vertebrae? - ANSWER -
Between superior and inferior articulating processes: synovial (plane/gliding
type), facet joints
- Between adjacent vertebral bodies: cartilaginous joints (slightly moveable),
intervertebral discs
What are the unique articulations of C1-skull and C1-C2? - ANSWER -
Atlanto-occipital joint (atlas, C1-skull): synovial (hinge joint), "yes" joint
- Atlanto-axial (axis, C1-C2): synovial (pivot joint), "no" joint
, Describe the curvatures of the vertebral column: - ANSWER 1) Cervical
curve: first curve developed around 3 - 6 months of age; developed due to child
holding their head up
2) Cervical, thoracic, lumber, and sacral curve: all developed around 1 year of
age; developed due to child beginning to walk
**Curved column is a stronger column
**Curvatures allow viscera to be placed in the thoracic and sacral regions
Describe the pathologies associated with curvatures of the vertebral column: -
ANSWER 1) Scoliosis: lateral curvature
2) Kyphosis: exaggerated thoracic curve; commonly found in elderly;
developed by collapsed vertebrae; "hunch back"
3) Lordosis: exaggerated lumbar curve; common in overweight males;
temporarily in pregnant woman
What are the five ligaments of the vertebral column? Positions and functions? -
ANSWER 1) Posterior longitudinal ligament: very narrow ligament in the
vertebral canal; will limit flexion
2) Anterior longitudinal ligament: very broad ligament; limits extension
3) Ligamta flava (yellow ligament): between the lamina and stats and stops at
every lamina; limits flexion; completes roof of the vertebral canal
4) Interspinal ligament: limits flexion; cervical-nuchal ligament; holds head up
5) Interspinal ligament: limits flexion
Describe the anatomy of the intervertebral discs: - ANSWER - Cartilage
- Outer annulus fibrosus: surrounds soft inner core and arranged at 90 degree
angles
- Central nucleus pulposus: inner core and responsible for compression
What is the meaning of a "herniated disc"? - ANSWER - Most often occur in
post./lat. way (ant./long. ligament prevent anterior; Int./post. is narrow)
- they will affect the next lowest spinal nerve
- herniation = something is where its not supposed to be
What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic back muscles? -
ANSWER
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