UNCG KIN 375 Exam 1 Questions And Answers Already Graded A+
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Course
UNCG KIN 375
Institution
UNCG KIN 375
Chapter 2 - ️️ᕦ(ò_óˇ)ᕤ
Factors that regulate enzyme activity: - ️️- temperature
- pH
- substrate concentration
- product inhibition
- cofactors (cAMP, AMP, calcium, etc. can either activate or inhibit enzyme activity)
Gain of a control system - ️️Degree to which a control s...
Factors that regulate enzyme activity: - ✔️✔️- temperature
- pH
- substrate concentration
- product inhibition
- cofactors (cAMP, AMP, calcium, etc. can either activate or inhibit enzyme activity)
Gain of a control system - ✔️✔️Degree to which a control system maintains
homeostasis; a system with an appropriate gain is more capable of maintaining
homeostasis than a system w/ low gain
Simple biological control system components - ✔️✔️- stimulus
- sensor receptor (detects changes in variable)
- control center (assesses input & initiates a response if necessary)
- effector (tries to change internal environment back to normal)
Homeostasis - ✔️✔️Maintenance of a constant & normal internal environment
Steady-state - ✔️✔️Physiological variable is unchanging, but not necessarily "normal"
Graphs typically have: - ✔️✔️A shape & a direction
(+/- linear, +/- curvilinear, J-shaped, +/- hyperbolic, U-shaped, etc.)
Negative feedback - ✔️✔️A response that reverses the initial disturbance in
homeostasis (most control systems work via negative feedback)
Positive feedback - ✔️✔️Response that increases the original stimulus
Examples of positive feedback: - ✔️✔️- Ca2+ feed-forward mechanism (muscle
contraction)
- Sodium feed-forward mechanism (depolarization)
- Inflammation feed-forward mechanisms (chronic levels can lead to dysfunction &
disease)
Adaptation - ✔️✔️- Change in structure or function of cell or organ system
- Results should improve ability to maintain homeostasis
Juxtacrine Signaling - ✔️✔️Chemical messenger passed between 2 connected cells
Autocrine signaling - ✔️✔️Chemical messenger acts on that same cell (self)
Paracrine signaling - ✔️✔️Chemical messengers act on nearby cells
Endocrine signaling - ✔️✔️Chemical messengers released into blood to affect cells w/
specific receptors to the hormone
Stress proteins - ✔️✔️Synthesized in cells when homeostasis is disrupted (ex. Heat
shock proteins - HSP)
Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) - ✔️✔️- Repair damaged proteins in cells
- Act as chaperones to protect & repair proteins
Exercise-induced protein synthesis - ✔️✔️Improves ability of cells to maintain
homeostasis
Resistance & Endurance exercise - ✔️✔️Promotes different cell signaling pathways
Cell signaling - ✔️✔️Refers to a system of communication between cells that
coordinate cellular activities
Major cell signaling mechanisms - ✔️✔️Intracrine, Juxtacrine, Autocrine, Paracrine,
Endocrine
Chapter 3 - ✔️✔️ಥ_ಥ
Anabolic reactions - ✔️✔️The synthesis of molecules
Catabolic reactions - ✔️✔️Breakdown of molecules
Bioenergetics - ✔️✔️The process of converting foodstuffs (fats, proteins, carbs) into
useable energy for cell work
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