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BMS 301 PRACTICE EXAM 2
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BMS 301 PRACTICE EXAM 2.....
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BMS 301 PRACTICE EXAM 2Functions of Vertebral Column - ANSWER - Protects CNS/spinal Cord
- Supportive of the head, ribs, upper limb
- Site of a lot of muscle attachments
- Function in locomotion
- Erect Posture
Cervical Vertebrae - ANSWER - 7 vertebrae
- Support the head and provide passage of arteries to the brain
- Bifid spinal processes
- Transverse foramina in each of the transverse processes are protective for the
vertebral artery
-C7 is the vertebra prominens, the first vertebra you can feel on the posterior
neck area
Thoracic Vertebrae - ANSWER - 12 vertebrae
- Articulate with and help support the ribs and rib cage
-costal facets on transverse processes for rib attachment
Lumbar Vertebrae - ANSWER - 5 large vertebrae
- Support the trunk, head and upper extremities
provide a strong attachment base for the muscles that move the trunk and upper
limbs
- Rounded, short spinous processes
Sacral Vertebrae - ANSWER - 5 vertebrae which are fused
articulate with the hip bones and transfer weight from the upper body to the
lower extremities
- Firm foundation for the trunk muscles
- Anterior and posterior sacral foramina (ventral rami)
Coccygeal Vertebrae - ANSWER - 3-5 vertebrae that are inferior to sacrum
and usually the last several of them are fused together
Intervertebral Discs - ANSWER - Strongly adhered to the adjacent vertebral
bodies
,- Cartilaginous (slightly moveable)
- Made out of outer concentric cartilaginous rings (annulus fibrosus)
- Annulus fibrosus surrounds a central jelly-like mass (nucleus pulposus)
- Very tough shock absorber
Superior and Inferior Articular Processes - ANSWER - x4 per each vertebra
- Synovial, plane-gliding
- Prevent dislocation anteriorly/posteriorly and laterally
Atlanto- Occipital Joint - ANSWER - Articulation between the atlas (C1, no
vertebral body, just a big ring) and the cranium
- "yes" joint
- Synovial - biaxial hinge joint
- Skull can rock back and forth
Atlantoaxial Joint - ANSWER - Articulation between the atlas (C1) and axis
(C2) (has a projection called the dens which extends into the atlas)
- Synovial joint allowing for rotational movement as C1 can spin around C2
- "no" joint
- Synovial- rotational
Sacroiliac Joint - ANSWER - The joint between the sacrum and the ilium
(sacrum is a triangle with the apex pointing inferiorly allowing the sacrum to
wedge itself between the two wings of the iliac bones forming the sacroiliac
joint)
- Synovial - plane-gliding
- Important in weight transfer
Describe the curves of the vertebral column and associated pathologies. -
ANSWER - By 1 year of age:
- Cervical curve (allows us to hold head upright)
- Thoracic curve (concaves anteriorly, makes room for organs in the thorax)
- Lumbar curve
- Sacral curve (makes room for the organs in the pelvis)
- Curvature abnormalities:
Scoliosis: lateral curvature of spine
Kyphosis: bent, exaggerated thoracic curvature, hump, the thoracic region
becomes wedges
, Lordosis: exaggerated lumbar curve
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament - ANSWER - Continuous from sacrum to
skull
- Anterior to the vertebral body
- Broad and thick, transverses the entire spinal cord and helps provide stability
- Limits hyperextension of the vertebral column and reinforces the front of
annulus fibrosus
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament - ANSWER - Continuous from sacrum to
skull
- Runs vertically along the posterior side of the vertebral bodies, lies in the
vertebral canal
- Narrow
- Limits flexion of the vertebral column and reinforces the back of the annulus
fibrosus
Supraspinal Ligament - ANSWER - Continuous from sacrum to skull
- Specialization in cervical region , connects together the apices of spinous
processes from C7 to the sacrum
- Nuchal ligament (most likely meets with the interspinal ligament and forms a
wider ligament called the nuchal)
- Limits hyperflexion of the vertebral column and holds head upright
Ligamenta Flava - ANSWER - Connect laminae of adjacent vertebrae, on
either side of the spinous processes (yellow)
- Limits lateral flexion of vertebral column
- Protects and completes the vertebral canal
Interspinal Ligament - ANSWER - Limits flexion
- Connects adjacent vertebral spinous processes, from root to apex of each
spinous process
-between ligamentum flavum and supraspinal ligament
Intervertebral Disc Herniation - ANSWER - Posterior and lateral
- Nucleus pulpous breaks into annulus fibrosus and impinges on the next lowest
spinal nerve
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