NURS 220 Patho I Final Questions and Answers Fully Solved 100%
4 views 0 purchase
Course
NURS 220 Patho
Institution
NURS 220 Patho
*Intro to Patho*
Define validity, reliability, & predictive value in relation to diagnostic testing. - ️️-
validity (accuracy) = degree to which a measurement reflect the true value of the object
it's intended to measure
- reliability (precision) = ability of a test to give the same result ...
Define validity, reliability, & predictive value in relation to diagnostic testing. - ✔️✔️-
validity (accuracy) = degree to which a measurement reflect the true value of the object
it's intended to measure
- reliability (precision) = ability of a test to give the same result in repeated
measurements
- predictive value = extent to which a test can differentiate btwn the presence/absence
of a condition
*positive PV = estimate of the probability that the disease is present if the test is positive
*negative PV = estimate of the probability that the disease is absent if the test is
negative
What are the specific stages of clinical manifestations? - ✔️✔️> latent period = from
exposure to injurious agent to 1st appearance of S/Sx (aka incubation period for
infectious disease)
> prodromal period (prodrome) = appearance of S/Sx & onset of disease
> manifest illness (acute phase) = disease at full intensity w most severe S/Sx
- silent period(s) = when S/Sx ease/disappear before returning
- subclinical stage = when pt functions normally even though disease processes are
established
> convalescence = recovery after disease, injury, or operation
Ex: Explain the pathophysiology of type I diabetes mellitus (4 components) - ✔️✔️1.
Etiology > autoimmune destruction of pancreatic B cells
2. Pathogenesis > insulin deficiency > disturbed metabolism of carbs, proteins, & fats
3. Clinical Manifestations > polyuria, dehydration, macro/micro vascular lesions
4. Treatment > maintaining normal blood sugar levels
What is pathophysiology? - ✔️✔️study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of
living beings & the physiologic responses of an organism to disruptions in it's internal &
external environ
How is pathophysiology different from pathology & physiology? - ✔️✔️- pathology =
study of causes/effects of diseases
- physiology = study of normal functions of living organisms & their parts
What are the 4 components of pathophysiology? - ✔️✔️1. Etiology
2. Pathogenesis
3. Clinical Manifestations
4. Treatment
,1. Etiology - ✔️✔️study of causes/reasons for phenomenon, disease, & injury
*often difficult to pinpoint bc of role of genetics & environ
What is meant by idiopathic? Ex? - ✔️✔️= disease/condition is of unknown cause
> ex: chronic fatigue
What is meant by iatrogenic? Ex? - ✔️✔️= disease/condition caused by unwanted or
unintended medical intervention > ex: hair loss caused by chemo therapy
What is meant by risk factor? - ✔️✔️= factor that when present incr the risk for disease
2. Pathogenesis - ✔️✔️= development of disease from initial stimulus to expression of
manifestations of the disease > ex: direct effects of initiating event, physiological
responses, & compensatory mechanisms
3. Clinical manifestations
Signs, Symptoms, & Syndromes? - ✔️✔️= signs & symptoms (S/Sx)
- S = objective, observable manifestations of the disease
- Symptoms = subjective feelings of abnormality
- Syndrome = disorder that the etiology of S/Sx has not been determined for yet
Define sequela & complication - ✔️✔️- sequela = pathological chronic condition
resulting from the disease
- complication = new/separate acute process caused by a change produced by the
original problem
Define exacerbation & remission - ✔️✔️- exacerbations = incr severity of S/Sx
- remissions = decr severity of S/Sx
*diseases often undergo alternating exacerbations & remissions
*cured = 5+ years of remission
What are the 2 clinical courses of conditions/diseases? - ✔️✔️1. acute condition =
severe manifestations but short course (hr/days/wks)
2. chronic condition = develop either w a prolonged acute phase or gradually without an
acute phase (months-years)
Ex: What are some possible treatments for diabetes? - ✔️✔️regular blood sugar level
monitoring, insulin therapy, diet & lifestyle changes (exercise)
How do we determine health & disease? - ✔️✔️we use diagnostic testing & statistical
normality to identify normal & abnormal variation
,What do we use to compare health & disease? - ✔️✔️= normal distribution/the "bell
curve" (using a large sample of a pop. to give a good estimate of the "normal" values in
that pop.)
- normal range = mean +/- 2 standard deviations > ex: 5% of the normal pop. may fall
outside the normal range w/out demonstrating disease
*change in invid's factor is more important than the actual value of the factor (pts
evaluated 2-3x to establish baseline)
How do we determine if a specific condition is present? - ✔️✔️1. clinical examination =
to develop probabilities (possible explanations)
2. order laboratory & diagnostic testing = to identify most likely probability
Define sensitivity in relation to diagnostic testing - ✔️✔️= probability the test will be
positive when applied to a person w the condition
ex: 80% sensitivity > 20% (false-negative rate) of the group with the condition would
wrongly test negative
How do we determine that the tests we use to collect data from our pts have reliability,
validity, & predictive value? - ✔️✔️high sensitivity + high specificity + individ w a high
probability of having the condition = better predictive value
How are individuals different in their expression of a disease? - ✔️✔️= individ factors
can vary!
- culture
- age
- gender
- situational > ex: adaptation to altitude
- time variations > ex: time of day
Ex: Explain how heart rate varies depending on pt age. - ✔️✔️*avg = 60-100 bpm
- 20 yo = 100-170 bpm
- 40 yo = 90-153 bpm
- 60 yo = 80-136 bpm
Ex: Explain how a strep throat test meets the criteria for reliability & validity. - ✔️✔️
Define epidemiology - ✔️✔️= study of patterns of disease involving aggregates of ppl
*provides us w info on occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, & distribution of
diseases throughout pops!
Differentiate btwn endemic, epidemic, & pandemic. - ✔️✔️- endemic = disease native
to a local region
- epidemic = disease disseminated to many individs at the same time
, - pandemic = epidemics that affect large geographical regions
Define aggregate factors. Ex's? - ✔️✔️= principal factors that affect the patterns of
disease in human pops
- age
- ethnic group
- gender
- socioeconomic factors (SES) & lifestyle
- geographic locations
How does WHO define health? - ✔️✔️= complete physical, mental, & social well-being
(NOT just the absence of disease/infirmity)
What are the levels of prevention? Ex's? - ✔️✔️1. Primary = altering susceptibility &
reducing exposure for susceptible individs
> ex: improving sanitation/housing/nutrition, incr immunization coverage, & health
education/promotion
2. Secondary = early detection, screening & management of disease (applicable in early
disease stages)
> ex: annual physicals/screenings & new prenatal techniques
3. Tertiary = rehabilitative/supportive care & efforts to alleviate disability & restore
effective functioning (applicable in advanced disease/disability stages)
> ex: surgical or medical treatment (pharmacotherapy, PT, radiation, etc...)
*Stress & Adaptation* - ✔️✔️
Define homeostasis - ✔️✔️= maintaining internal conditions in a stable state by
keeping parameters relatively the same (state in which all systems are in balance
around an ideal "set-point")
Define allostasis - ✔️✔️= dynamic process that supports & helps the body achieve
homeostasis using various regulatory processes controlled by the brain (constant
reevaluation & readjustment of the body's parameters according to the individ's
situation)
Define stress, stressor, & stress response - ✔️✔️- stress = real/perceived threat to the
balance of homeostasis
- stressor = anything that throws the body out of allostatic balance
- stress response = body's effort to restore the balance
Hans Selye's Study of Stress Response (1936) - ✔️✔️= found the link btwn biology &
stress after experimenting with rats & finding that any kind of harmful physical stimuli
(injections, temp. extremes, surgery) produced the same observed physiologic changes
*Termed...
- stressors = harmful stimuli/causative agents & general
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller PatrickKaylian. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $8.39. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
