Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) - Answers Cancer of the white blood cells characterized by excess
lymphoblasts. Most common in childhood age 2-5. Symptoms include anemia, sensitivity to infection,
and bleeding due to overcrowding of bone marrow with cancer cells.
Thiopurine drugs - Answers Used to treat ALL. Include 6-mercaptopurine, which is a prodrug that must
be converted to the active form in the body. Guanine analogs that disrupt DNA and RNA synthesis.
Prodrug - Answers A type of drug that needs to be metabolized by an enzyme to become active.
TPMT Enzyme - Answers Adds a methyl group to the sulfhydryl group on the drug or its metabolites,
decreasing the concentration of active drug metabolites.
Pharmacogenomics - Answers The study of how genome-wide variation affects the body's response to
drugs. Involves better drug selection and dosing based on genetic factors.
Clopidogrel (Plavix) - Answers A prodrug taken by millions to prevent blood clotting. Metabolically
activated by CYP2C19. Poor metabolizers of CYP2C19 may have genetic variations affecting drug
response.
Homozygous carriers - Answers Individuals with two identical alleles for a specific gene
CYP2C19 metabolizers - Answers Individuals whose CYP2C19 enzyme is responsible for metabolizing
drugs
Poor metabolizers - Answers Individuals with reduced ability to metabolize drugs efficiently
Metabolizer status - Answers The efficiency with which an individual's body processes drugs
Genetic biomarkers - Answers Specific genetic variations that can indicate drug response or metabolism
Complexity of finding gene variations - Answers The difficulty in identifying specific genetic variations
that impact drug response
Limited drug alternatives - Answers Restricted options for medications due to genetic factors
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