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UW Madison Bio 101 Exam 4 Questions and Answers
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UW Madison Bio 101 Exam 4 Questions and Answers
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UW Madison Bio 101 Exam 4 Questionsand Answers
What is biological evolution? - Answer-Heritable change in a population across many
generations.
What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution? - Answer-
Microevolution is on a small scale. It is a change in a single gene. Macroevolution is on
a large scale and results in the formation of a new species.
What is a scientific theory (definition)? - Answer-A well-tested concept that explains a
wide range of observations.
What is catastrophism? - Answer-The idea presented by Georges Cuvier that major
disturbances cause change (in strata fossil record).
What is uniformitarianism? - Answer-The idea of Charles Lyell that gradual changes
occur over time due to natural processes (in the strata fossil record).
What is the mechanism responsible for change in a species over time? - Answer-
Natural Selection
Describe fitness. - Answer-The ability of an organism to pass its genes to the next
generation. Includes surviving, finding a mate, and reproducing a new generation of
offspring. Fitness depends on the environment in which an organism lives.
What are homologous structures? - Answer-Functionally different features with similar
construction due to common ancestry.
What are vestigial structures? - Answer-Anatomical features with no apparent function,
but resemble structures of presumed ancestors.
What are hox genes? - Answer-Pattern-forming genes that guide body plans.
What are analogous structures? - Answer-Perform the same or similar function, but
evolved separately.
What is convergent evolution? - Answer-Evolution of similar structures in distantly
related organisms that occupy similar environments.
What is the fossil record? - Answer-The ordered array in which fossils appear in the
strata.
T/F: All genetic variation makes an organism more fit. - Answer-False. Ex= albinism
, T/F: Populations are the units of evolution. - Answer-True, not individuals.
What is a gene pool? - Answer-A sum of all the alleles in a population.
T/F: A population evolves when individuals with different genotypes survive and
reproduce at different rates. - Answer-True. So you can see a change in gene
frequency.
What are sources of genetic variation? - Answer-Mutation and sexual reproduction.
What are the mechanisms of microevolution? - Answer-Genetic drift, gene flow,
mutation, and natural selection.
What is genetic drift? - Answer-A process in which chance events cause unpredictable
fluctuations in allele frequencies from generation to generation. Two types: bottleneck
and founder effect.
What is the bottleneck effect? - Answer-When a population goes through a period in
which its size decreases. Lots of individuals and their alleles are lost. Population size
later increases but genetic diversity is still low (decrease in fitness).
What is the Founder Effect? - Answer-Occurs when a few individuals become isolated
from a larger population. Gene pool of new population not reflective of original
population. Rare alleles can be over-represented.
What is gene flow? - Answer-Genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals
or gametes between populations. It tends to reduce differences between populations
that have accumulated because of natural selection or genetic drift.
T/F: Gene flow can both increase and decrease the fitness of a population. - Answer-
True
What is natural selection? - Answer-Accumulates and maintains favorable genotypes in
a population. Must have genetic variation to occur.
What is directional selection? - Answer-A form of natural selection that favors
individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic distribution.
What is stabilizing selection? - Answer-A form of natural selection that favors individuals
with intermediate phenotypes. Average is good, extreme is bad.
What is disruptive selection? - Answer-A form of natural selection that favors extreme
phenotypes. Increases variation.
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