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Impaired Local-Tissue Perfusion Questions and Answers Latest Updated
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Impaired Local-Tissue Perfusion
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Impaired Local-Tissue PerfusionLocal/tissue perfusion - answer Problems with the actual amount of blood available to:
target tissues
Breaks down into 3 categories
Occlusion of vessels:
- Arteries
- Veins
Constriction of vessels
Risk factors for impaired perfusion - answer Modifiable:
Smoking, elevated serum lipids, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, diabetes mellitus, HTN
Non-modifiable:
Age, gender, genetics
Dyslipidemia - answerHigh levels of lipids in the blood
Increases risk for many chronic diseases
Lipids come for dietary sources and liver production
Dietary sources
Cholesterol - animal products
Triglycerides - saturated fats
Classified based on density, which is based on the amount of triglycerides (low density)
and protein (high density)
Very-low density lipoproteins
Low density lipoproteins - AKA "bad" cholesterol
High density lipoproteins - AKA "good" cholesterol
Dyslipidemia manifestations, diag. treatments - answerManifestations: asymptomatic
until it develops into other diseases
Diagnosis: cholesterol screening and lipid panels
Treatment: dietary changes, weight reduction, routine exercise, tobacco cessation, lipid-
lowering agents, and complication management
Atherosclerosis - answer- Chronic inflammatory disease characterized by thickening
and hardening of the arterial wall
, - Inflammatory process is triggered by a vessel wall injury
- Lesions develop on the vessel wall and calcify over time
- Leads to vessel obstruction, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstriction
- Complications: peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, thrombi,
hypertension, and stroke
- Manifestations: asymptomatic until complications develop
- Diagnosis: identify contributing factors and complications
- Treatment: similar to dyslipidemia with the addition of angioplasty, bypass, laser
procedures, and artherectomy
Atherosclerosis Can Lead to: - answer- Hypertension
- Renal disease
- Cardiac disease
- Peripheral artery disease
- Aneurysm
- Stroke
Local/tissue perfusion: Occlusion/arteries - answer- Pathogenesis
- Atherosclerosic plaque formation in arteries is at the root of nearly all arterial problems
- Atherosclerosis is most common/dominant type of arteriosclerosis. Athero (gruel or
paste) and sclerosis (hardness). Pathologic origin for most arterial disease and is
ultimately the leading cause of death.
Inflammatory process - answer- Chronic endothelial injury (hyperlipidemia, HTN,
smoking, virus, immune reactions)
- Leads to inflammatory response (increased vascular permeability, attracts cells
[lipids/PLTs], exudate)
- Macrophages engulf lipids to become "foam" walls
- Lipid core forms in the arterial wall and a fibrous cap evolves.
Consequences: Impaired Tissue (Local) Perfusion - answer- Impairment of tissue
perfusion is associated with loss of vessel patency or permeability, or inadequate
central perfusion
- Results in impaired blood flow to the affected body tissue (localized effect)
Acute Arterial Occlusion - answer- Absence of arterial circulation—emergency
- May result from thrombi/emboli or mechanical compression
Classic signs and symptoms (6 Ps):
Pallor
Paresthesia
Paralysis
Pain
Polar
Pulseless
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